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ATR2010C > ankle and foot > Flashcards

ankle and foot Flashcards

1
Q

is the tibia medial or lateral?

A

medial

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2
Q

is the fibula medial or lateral?

A

lateral

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3
Q

is the tibia or fibular the weight bearing bone (aka which is bigger)

A

the tibia

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4
Q

what is the anterior compartment of the lower leg responsible for?

A

dorsiflexion

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5
Q

what is the lateral compartment of the lower leg responsible for?

A

eversion

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6
Q

what is the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg responsible for?

A

plantar flexion

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7
Q

what movement does the distal tibio-fibular joint do?

A

none; its syndesmosis (immovable for the most part)

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8
Q

what movement does the talo-cural joint do?

A

dorsi and plantar flexion

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9
Q

what movement does the sub-talar (talo-calcaneal) joint do?

A

inversion and eversion

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10
Q

are are the bones of the rear-foot? (there are 4)

A
  1. distal tibia
  2. distal fibula
  3. talus
  4. calcaneus
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11
Q

what are the bones of the mid-foot?

A

the tarsal bones (cuboid, navicular, and cuneiforms)

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12
Q

what are the bones of the fore-foot?

A

metatarsals and phalanges

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13
Q

how do the mortise and tenon joint fit together?

A

interlock like pieces of wood

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14
Q

which sits lower on the ankle, the medial malleolus or the lateral malleolus?

A

the lateral malleolus

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15
Q

is inversion of the foot more common than eversion of the foot?

A

yes, due to the lateral malleolus sitting lower on the ankle

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16
Q

what are the two superior ligaments of the ankle (part of the syndesmosis)

A
  1. Anterior tibio-fibular
  2. Posterior tibio-fibular
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17
Q

what is the function of the two superior ligaments of the ankle?

A

hold two bones together

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18
Q

what are the three lateral ligaments of the ankle?

A
  1. anterior talofibular (ATFL)
  2. calcaneofibular (CFL)
  3. posterior talofibular (PTFL)
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19
Q

of the three lateral ligaments, which two are the major ones to get injured?

A

the anterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular

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20
Q

what is the job of the intra-articular ligaments?

A

keep the subtalar joint stable

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21
Q

what are the intra-articular ligaments?

A
  1. interosseous talo-calcaneal
  2. cervical ligament
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22
Q

why is it hard to diagnose injuries at the intra-articular ligaments?

A

because you can’t see them

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23
Q

what are the medial ligaments called?

A

the deltoid

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24
Q

what is the job of the medial ligaments? (two things)

A

they are the primary stabilizer of the medial side of the joint.
Restraint to eversion with dorsiflexion

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25
Q

why are the medial ligaments rarely injured in sports?

A

the ankle rarely rolls out (eversion)

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26
Q

what percentage of ankle sprains are to the lateral ligaments?

A

80-85%

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27
Q

which ligament is the primary restraint to plantar flexion?

A

ATFL

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28
Q

which ligament is the primary restraint to inversion?

A

CFL

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29
Q

what is the MOI to injure the distal tibia-fib (syndesmosis)

A

internal rotation/adduction of the foot

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30
Q

what are 5 s/s of a lateral ankle sprain

A
  1. swelling around lateral malleolus
  2. decreased ROM (due to swelling)
  3. point tender over ligaments
  4. discoloration
  5. can’t bear weight on joint
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31
Q

what is the MOI of a medial ankle sprain?

A

forced eversion/rolling the ankle out (stress was put on the deltoid)

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32
Q

which ligaments tend to get torn in a medial ankle sprain?

A

distal tib-fib joint (syndesmosis)

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33
Q

what is the maisonneuve fracture?

A

a spiral fracture to the proximal third of the fibula.

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34
Q

what is a the anterior drawer test used for?

A

ATFL (lateral sprain)

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35
Q

what is the talar tilt test used for?

A

CFL and deltoid

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36
Q

true or false: ankle taping is better than bracing.

A

false

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37
Q

what bone is the keystone of the longitudinal arch?

A

navicular

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38
Q

what bone is the keystone of the transverse arch?

A

3rd metatarsal

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39
Q

true or false: in over-protonators the navicular will drop from the arch.

A

true

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40
Q

what 4 bands of connective tissue make up the medial longitudinal arch?

A
  1. plantar fascia
  2. long plantar ligament
  3. short plantar ligament
  4. “spring” ligament
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41
Q

where does the plantar fascia spread to?

A

calcaneus to metatarsal heads

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42
Q

where does the “spring” ligament connect?

A

calcaneus to the navicular

43
Q

what issue do flat footed people suffer from?

A

overpronation

44
Q

what is the name for flat feet

A

pes planus

45
Q

what is stressed in individuals with pes planus?

A

the arch and the medial ankle

46
Q

what is the name for someone with a high arch?

A

pes cavus

47
Q

what is stressed in individuals with pes cavus?

A

the mid foot region

48
Q

which way does the tibia rotate during pronation?

A

internally

49
Q

which way does the tibia rotate during supination?

A

externally

50
Q

what causes plantar fasciitis (-fasciosis)

A

overpronation from worn shoes or bad mechanics

51
Q

what is a complication of plantar fasciitis?

A

heel spurs

52
Q

what causes a heel spur?

A

ossification at the point of attachment to the calcaneus

53
Q

what are 3 management techniques for those with plantar fasciitis?

A
  1. stretching
  2. arch taping
  3. orthotics
54
Q

what is the MOI for tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

overpronation

55
Q

what is a s/s of tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

numbness and tingling

56
Q

what is the MOI for medial tibial stress syndrome?

A

overpronation coupled with overuse

57
Q

what is the common name for medial tibial stress syndrome?

A

shin splints

58
Q

what occurs during medial tibial stress syndrome?

A

the navicular drops and pulls on the tibias posterior tendon.
The tibias posterior tendon will then pull on the medial tibia, and eventually the muscle will pull on the outer lining of the bone.

59
Q

what is periostitis?

A

when the muscle starts to get pulled, it will eventually start getting pulled off the bone

60
Q

where does a tibio-fibular fracture typically occur?

A

mid-shaft

61
Q

true or false: secondary damage is not possible with a tibio-fibular fracture.

A

false.

62
Q

when you check for neuromuscular function after a tibio-fibular fracture what are you checking for?

A

capillary refill

63
Q

is a tibial shaft fracture an open fracture?

A

yes

64
Q

what is typically the cause of a tibial shaft fracture?

A

an acute on chronic condition

65
Q

do you tend to need surgery with a tibial shaft fracture?

A

yes

66
Q

what gets inserted during surgery in the tibia?

A

Intramedullary rod

67
Q

what gets inserted in the fibula during surgery?

A

kirshner wire

68
Q

where does a distal tibio-fibular fracture occur?

A

right above the ankle joint

69
Q

what is the MOI for fibular fractures?

A

falling on the outside of the lower leg OR hyper-inversion

70
Q

true or false: if there is pain above the ankle you assume fracture.

A

true

71
Q

what is the MOI of a calf strain/achilles tendon injury?

A

eccentric loading

72
Q

what muscle is effected by an acute strain in the calf?

A

gastrocnemius

73
Q

is the gastrocnemius a 1 joint or 2 joint muscle?

A

2 joint

74
Q

what is a MOI for chronic tendionsis of the achilles tendon?

A

overuse

75
Q

what are 4 things are occur because of chronic tendinosis?

A
  1. tendon thickens
  2. scare tissue & fibrosis
  3. mucoid degeneration
  4. calcium deposits and there’s fatty infiltration
76
Q

what are 2 ways to manage tendinosis?

A

stretching and strengthening

77
Q

what is the MOI for a lisfranc injury?

A

jammed with axial force with or without rotation

78
Q

where is a lisfranc injury?

A

midfoot (tarso-metatarsal joints)

79
Q

where does an avulsion fracture show on an x-ray?

A

tarso-metatarsal joint

80
Q

what causes an avulsion fracture?

A

traction force

81
Q

where does an avulsion fracture occur?

A

the styloid process

82
Q

where does a jones fracture show on an x-ray?

A

inter-metatarsal joint

83
Q

what is the cause of a jones fracture?

A

inversion or twisting

84
Q

what is another name for the jones fracture?

A

dancers fracture

85
Q

where does a stress fracture show on an x-ray?

A

the shaft of the 5th metatarsal

86
Q

what causes a stress fracture?

A

overuse and fatigue

87
Q

what is another name for a stress fracture?

A

march fracture

88
Q

what is morton’s neuroma?

A

a neural impingement due to the transverse arch collapsing

89
Q

what does morton’s neuroma result in?

A

an inflamed interdigital nerve

90
Q

where does morton’s neuroma usually occur?

A

between 2nd and 3rd metatarsal

91
Q

what is a s/s of morton’s neuroma?

A

burning pain and a tingling sensation

92
Q

what test is done for morton’s neuroma?

A

mulder’s sign

93
Q

what is metatarsalgia?

A

pain at the ball of the foot

94
Q

what is the MOI for metatarsalgia?

A

repetitive stress to forefoot

95
Q

what are the s/s of metatarsalgia?

A

point tenderness, pain with impact, swelling

96
Q

do you have to treat metatarsalgia symptomatically?

A

yes

97
Q

what is sesamoiditis?

A

inflammation of sesamoid bones and the surrounding soft tissue

98
Q

what is the MOI for sesamoiditis?

A

repetitive loading (typically at the big toe)

99
Q

what is another name for a big toe sprain?

A

turf toe

100
Q

what is the MOI for turf toe?

A

hyperextension of 1st MT-P joint and the capsule is torn

101
Q

what are the s/s of turf toe?

A

extreme pain upon bearing weight, decreased ROM, lack of push off strength

102
Q

what is a long-term complication of turf toe?

A

stiff toe and limited extension

103
Q

how do you manage turf toe?

A

taping or buying specialized shoes

ATR2010C (19 decks)

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