Ankle And Lower Leg

Question 1

What does police stand for?

Answer 1

Protection 
Optimal loading 
Ice 
Compression 
Elevation

Question 2

Movements available at the subtalar joint

Answer 2

Inversion and eversion

Question 3

6 types of ankle ankle and lower limb injuries

Answer 3

Lateral ankle sprain 
Medical ankle sprain
Achilles’ tendon pain 
Achilles rupture 
Plantar fasciitis 
Shin pain

Question 4

Mechanisms of injury

Answer 4

Plantar flexion and or inversion

Question 5

How can a lateral ankle sprain happen?

Answer 5

Quick change of direction
Landing on uneven surfaces
Someone else jumping on the foot

Question 6

Treatment of a lateral or medial ankle sprain

Answer 6

Restore full range of motion 
Non weight bearing activity 
Partial weight bearing activity 
Full weight bearing activity 
Strapping May help stability 

Restore strength- isometric > concentric > eccentric

Restore balance and proprioception

Question 7

Long term deficits of a LAS and MAS

Answer 7

Decrease in proprioception, balance, dorsiflexion, range of motion

Question 8

What does a decrease in dorsiflexion mean for the foot

Terada, pietrosimone and gribble 2013

Answer 8

Plantar fascia patchy
Patella tendinopathy
Medial tibia pain
Further sprains

Question 9

Petersen et al 2013

Answer 9

Twice as likely to re injure 1 year after injury

Question 10

Ottowa ankle rules

Answer 10

Pain 6cm up the tibula or fibula or on the tip of the malleolous

Question 11

How is a medial ankle sprain formed ankle

Answer 11

Dorsiflexion/eversion

Ie. Foot landing in a hole

Question 12

How is a medial ankle sprain tested

Answer 12

Eversion stress test of ligaments

Question 13

What are the 2 main Achilles injuries

Answer 13

Achilles tendinopathy and achillies rupture

Question 14

Kujala, Sarna and Kaprio, 2005

Answer 14

52% long distance runners suffer this

Question 15

Why does injuries occur in the achillies

Sterkenburg and Dijk 2011

Answer 15

Increased training distances/speed
Training surfaced
Age
Change in footwear

Question 16

Freedman, Gordon and Soslowsky 2014

Answer 16

75% occur in men between 30-49 years old

Question 17

What ratio of men to women suffer achillies tendon rupture

Answer 17

6:1

Question 18

What happens when achillies tendon ruptures

Answer 18

Feels like they have been shot in the back of the leg

No plantar flexion available

Question 19

2 fixes for achillies tendon rupture

Answer 19

Conserservative

Surgical

Question 20

Why do athletes chose the surgical route

Answer 20

The conservative route lengthens the tendons and May cause calf muscle atrophy

Question 21

What is plantar fasciitis

Answer 21

Over use of the plantarfasia

Question 22

What athletes or movements is plantar fasciitis common in

Answer 22

Jumping, running and dancing

Question 23

How is plantar fasciitis caused

Answer 23

Excessive pronation
Calf tightness
Lack of dorsiflexion

Question 24

Where is pain for plantar fasciitis

Answer 24

In the heel

Tenderness in the medial aspect
of the calcaneus

Tightness of the calf

Question 25

What is the treatment for plantar fasciitis

Answer 25

Rest Calf stretching Iced waterbottle/golf ball Taping Biomechanics correction

Question 26

3 types of injury

Answer 26

Acute Sub acute Chronic

Question 27

Example of an acute injury

Answer 27

Dislocated shoulder shoulder Overstretching a muscle or a partial/complete tear

Question 28

Example of a sub acute

Answer 28

Sprained laterals ligaments of the ankle

Question 29

Example of a chronic injury

Answer 29

Elbow tendinopathy

Question 30

What is the 1st grade of a strain

Answer 30

Mild tear which hinders range of motion Mild to moderate pain

Question 31

What is the 2nd grade of a strain

Answer 31

Moderate tear with significant loss of ROM Moderate to severe pain

Question 32

What’s a grade 3 strain

Answer 32

Complete tear ‘rupture’ | May be minimal pain

Question 33

What is the 1st grade of a sprain

Answer 33

Mild tear/over-stretching - no joint instability Minimal pain, bruising and swelling

Question 34

What is the 2nd grade of sprains

Answer 34

Partial tear with some loss of functions Pain, swelling and bruising present

Question 35

What is the 3rd grade of sprain

Answer 35

Complete tear (rupture) Severe swelling and bruising Instability to weight bearing

Question 36

Stages of tissue healing

Answer 36

Bleeding > inflammation > proliferation > remodelling

Question 37

Whiting and Zernicke 1998

Answer 37

Definition of injury Injury is the damage caused by physical trauma sustained by tissues of the body

Question 38

Bleakly, Glasgow and Macauley 2012

Answer 38

POLICE AND PRICE

Question 39

Whiting and zernicke 2008

Answer 39

The nature of injury is determined by magnitude, rate, direction, location, duration and frequency

Question 40

What is macro trauma

Answer 40

Large magnitude Short and sudden usually a one off event Acute

Question 41

What is a micro trauma

Answer 41

Small in magnitude Over a long period of time often repetitive and high frequency Chronic

Question 42

What percentage of ankle injuries are sprained

Answer 42

85%

Question 43

How many ankle sprains per day are there in the UK

Answer 43

6000

Question 44

What are the causes of lateral ankle sprains

Answer 44

Landing from a jump Landing or treading on another players foot Running or change in direction on and on even surface

Question 45

Mitchell 2016

Answer 45

Intrinsic factors BMI fitness previous injury muscle flexibility and imbalance Extrinsic factors environment temperature equipment and the nature of the sport

Question 46

Kannus 2003

Answer 46

Acute phase of healing

Question 47

Bleakly 2012

Answer 47

Said that mobilisation of injured tissue should be done it earlier after an injury