Ankle/ Foot

Question 1

Describe the functions of the foot and ankle.

Answer 1

Weight-bearing.
Set up BOS that enables balance, foot serves as rigid lever for push in ambulation,
accommodation and shock absorption in ground contact

Question 2

List the joints of the ankle/foot complex.

Answer 2

talocrural(true ankle joint), proximal and distal tib fib, subtalar,transverse tarsal joint, tarsometatarsal, metatarsal phalangeal, and interphalangeal

Question 3

list the functional segments of the foot

Answer 3

hindfoot,midfoot, forefoot

Question 4

what bones make up the hindfoot?

Answer 4

calcaneus and talus

Question 5

what bones make up the midfoot?

Answer 5

cuboid, navicular and cuneiforms

Question 6

what bones make up the forefoot?

Answer 6

metatarsals and phalanges

Question 7

What is the closed-packed position of the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints?

Answer 7

maximal dorsiflexion

Question 8

What is the open-packed position of the proximal and distal tibiofibular
joints?

Answer 8

10 degrees of plantarflexion

Question 9

clinical app: high ankle sprain, syndesmotic ankle sprain

Answer 9

occurs when talus is forcefully LATERALLY rotated w/in ankle mortise; stretching or tearing of interosseous membrane or ant/post distal tibfib ligament

Question 10

what are the limited motions of the proximal and distal tib fib joint?

Answer 10

ant/post glide
sup/inf glide
IR/ER

Question 11

what is the function of the medial collateral (deltoid) ligament?

Answer 11

extremely strong and helps to limit eversion/pronation

Question 12

what is the function of the lateral collateral ligament?

Answer 12

helps limit inversion/supination; weaker and more susceptible to injury

Question 13

what 3 ligaments make up the lateral collateral ligament?

Answer 13

anterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament
posterior talofibular ligament

Question 14

what are the passive structure of the ankle?

Answer 14

MCL + LCL

Question 15

what muscles support the MCL?

Answer 15

tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus

Question 16

what muscles assist the LCL?

Answer 16

fibularis longus and brevis

Question 17

Pair the osteo and arthrokinematics of the talocrural joint.

Answer 17

Dorsiflexion (think flex)- ant roll/post glide

Plantarflexion (think ext)-post roll/ant glide

Question 18

what is the open pack position of the talocrural joint?

Answer 18

10 degrees plantarflexion with neutral inversion/eversion

Question 19

what is the closed pack position of the talocrural joint?

Answer 19

maximum dorsiflexion

Question 20

what are the ROM for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion respectively?

Answer 20

dorsiflexion: 20, plantarflexion: 50

Question 21

what is the capsular pattern at the talocrural joint?

Answer 21

plantarflexion> dorsiflexion

Question 22

list the 3 plantar arches

Answer 22

medial longitudinal
lateral longitudinal
transverse

Question 23

what is the “keystone” of the medial longitudinal arch? lateral? Transverse?

Answer 23

Talus ;cuboid; intermediate cuneiform

Question 24

what are the mobility functions of the foot arch?

Answer 24

dampen impact of weight bearing
dampen superimposed rotational motion
adapt to changes in supporting surfaces and terrains

Question 25

what are the stability functions of the foot arch?

Answer 25

weight distribution; interchange between flexible and rigid lever

Question 26

describe the windlass effect?

Answer 26

during propulsion of the foot, plantarflexors contract for heel rise, toe extension tenses the fascia inwardly to raise arch and create a rigid lever

Question 27

What are the main motions at the subtalar joint in WBing?

Answer 27

triplanar motion> Supination @ ST joint: ABD +dorsiflexion/ Pronation @ ST joint: ADD +plantarflexion

Question 28

describe the subtalar joint (calcaneal positions) in nonweight-bearing supination and pronation.

Answer 28

Supination calcaneus: inversion ADD /plantarflexion Pronation: calcaneus: eversion, ABD , dorsiflexion

Question 29

describe the calcaneus motion at the subtalar joint in non-weight-bearing supination and pronation.

Answer 29

Supination calcaneus: inversion/ADD/PF Pronation calcaneus: eversion/ABD/DF

Question 30

what is the closed pack position of the subtalar joint?

Answer 30

full inversion

Question 31

what is the open pack position of the subtalar joint?

Answer 31

mid inversion/eversion and mid PF/DF

Question 32

what is the isolated ROM of the subtalar joint for eversion and inversion

Answer 32

5 degrees

Question 33

What joints make up the transverse tarsal joint? What function does it serve?

Answer 33

talonavicular and calcaneocuboid; adds to sup/pro ROM, compensation @ forefoot for hindfoot position in closed chain (keeping foot on ground)

Question 34

what is the open pack position of the transverse tarsal joint? closed pack?

Answer 34

midrange of sup/pro; supination

Question 35

what are ROM for inversion and eversion?

Answer 35

inversion:35 degrees Eversion: 15 degrees

Question 36

what is the function of the tarsometatarsal joints?

Answer 36

regulating the position of the forefoot in relation to the weight bearing surface

Question 37

Describe hallux limitus.

Answer 37

gradual and significant loss of ROM, pain and articular degeneration often after forceful hyperext (turf toe) normal ambulation eq: 45-55 degrees

Question 38

what are the 2 deformities outlined that may occur at the 1st MTP joint.

Answer 38

hallux limitus and hallux valgus

Question 39

Describe hallux valgus.

Answer 39

progressive lateral deviation and can lead to dislocation

Question 40

what is the function of the MTP joint?

Answer 40

WB: allow foot to rotate over toes through MTP ext when rising on toes or walking

Question 41

Define pes planus. What effect does this foot posture have on the the overall function of the foot?

Answer 41

abnormal drop in medial longitudinal arch-often due to laxity in fascia; compromises supination and stability

Question 42

Define pes cavus. What effect does this foot posture have on the overall function of the foot?

Answer 42

abnormally raised med longitudinal arch- often w/ excessive rearfoot inversion and forefoot eversion

Question 43

What role does the posterior tibialis muscle play in the stance phase of ambulation

Answer 43

gradual controlled lowering of med arch, absorbs some of the loading impact; excessive/rapid pronation places high demands on it; supinates hindfoot for stable toe-off