ankles + feet

Question 1

what cells produce collagen for tendons

Answer 1

fibroblasts

Question 2

RF achilles tendonitis

Answer 2

quinolones eg cipro // hypercholestraemia // sport injuries

Question 3

symptoms achilles tendonitis

Answer 3

morning pain + stiffness // posterior heel pain worse after activity

Question 4

mx achilles tendonitis

Answer 4

supportive, analgesia, boots

Question 5

mechanism achilles tendon rupture

Answer 5

sudden deceleration

Question 6

symptoms achilles tendon rupture

Answer 6

pop in ankle, sudden ankle pain, cannot walk

Question 7

what triad o/e is used for achilles rupture

Answer 7

simmonds: lie prone: look for dorsiflexion, look for gap in tendon, squeeze calf muscle nothing happens

Question 8

invx achilles rupture

Answer 8

USS

Question 9

where does tibilias posterior tendon attach

Answer 9

medial malleolus to navicular tuberosity (medial heel)

Question 10

what can causes tibilias posterior tendon dysfunction

Answer 10

obesity, diabetes, HTN, steroids, RA

Question 11

symptoms tibilias posterior tendon dysfunction

Answer 11

pain and swelling medial malleous, harder to walk, midfoot and ankle pain

Question 12

mx tibilias posterior tendon dysfunction

Answer 12

splint + physio, surgical decompression

Question 13

what should be avoided in tendonopathies + why

Answer 13

steroids injections –> rupture

Question 14

what causes plantar fasciitis

Answer 14

repeated stress

Question 15

symptoms plantar fasciitis

Answer 15

pain in back of sole of heel, worse on exercise, positive tinel test

Question 16

RF plantar fasciitis

Answer 16

diabetes, obese, over exercise

Question 17

mx plantar fasciitis

Answer 17

gel pad shoes, analgesia, rest

Question 18

symptoms hallux valgus (bunion)

Answer 18

lateral deviation of 1st metatarsal // medial bursitis (bunion) // ulcer // override 2nd toe

Question 19

mx hallux valgus

Answer 19

wear wider shoes // surgery if causing functional issues

Question 20

what is hallux rigidus

Answer 20

OA of first MTPJ

Question 21

mx hallux rigidus

Answer 21

conservative, arthrodesis (fuse joint together)

Question 22

what is morton’s neuroma

Answer 22

nerves over ligament become swollen after repeated trauma

Question 23

where do moton’s neuroma usually occur

Answer 23

inbetween 3rd and 4th toe

Question 24

who usually gets mortons neuroma

Answer 24

women who wear high heels

Question 25

symptoms mortons neuroma

Answer 25

pain + burning in affected toe, loss of sensation in web space, mudlers click

Question 26

invx + mx mortons neuroma

Answer 26

USS, insole, steroid injection, excision

Question 27

where are metatarsal stress fractures likely to occur

Answer 27

2nd and 3rd metatarsal

Question 28

what type of fracture are stress fractures

Answer 28

hairline

Question 29

mx stress fracture

Answer 29

immobilisation boots if identified early

Question 30

what is pes cavus

Answer 30

high arch

Question 31

RF pes cavus

Answer 31

neurpathy, cerebral palsy, polio, spina bifida

Question 32

RF flat foor

Answer 32

tibilais posterior dysfunction, RA, diabetes

Question 33

what is charcot foot

Answer 33

sensory loss --> very damaged joints

Question 34

causes charcot foot

Answer 34

diabetes, syphilis

Question 35

symptoms charcot

Answer 35

swollen red joint, some degree of pain

Question 36

invx charcot

Answer 36

xray --> bag of bones

Question 37

which bones are involved in the ankle joint

Answer 37

tibia, fibula, talus

Question 38

what is the syndesmosis of the ankle

Answer 38

binds distal tibia and fibula together (AITFL, PITFL, IOL, interossus)

Question 39

what do the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle do

Answer 39

attack distal dibular to the talus and the tallus + calcanus (heel bone)

Question 40

what does the deltoid ligament of the ankle do

Answer 40

secure distal tibia to talus

Question 41

what ligaments are involbed in low ankle sprain

Answer 41

collateral

Question 42

cause + symptoms low ankle sprain

Answer 42

inversion // pain, bruising, swelling, tender, can usually weight bear

Question 43

invx ankle sprain

Answer 43

xray according to ottowa rules // MRI if persistent

Question 44

mechanism + symptoms high ankle sprain

Answer 44

v rare // external rotation // painful weight bearing // pain when tibia and fibula pushde togetehr

Question 45

invx high ankle sprain

Answer 45

xray // MRI if worries

Question 46

mx low ankle sprain

Answer 46

ICE // cast

Question 47

mx high ankle sprain

Answer 47

cast // surgery

Question 48

ottawa rules for Xray ankle

Answer 48

malleolar pain + one of: cannot weight bear 4 steps // tender medial or lateral distal tibia // bone tenderness distal tibia