Anna + Desminis Teams Flash Cards

Question 1

What nerves control swallowing ?

Answer 1

5, 9, and 10

Question 2

What is the clinical term for difficulty in swallowing ?

Answer 2

Dysphagia

Question 3

What could you insert if a patient couldnt swallow to ensure they have adequate nutrition ?

Answer 3

NG tube

Question 4

What is the spincter called at the top of the stomach ?

Answer 4

Lower Oesophageal sphincter

Question 5

What is the sphincter at the bottom of the stomach ?

Answer 5

Pyloric sphincter

Question 6

What are the functions of the liver ?

Answer 6

Filtration.
Digestion.
Metabolism and Detoxification.
Protein synthesis.
Storage of vitamins and minerals.

Question 7

Conditions that affect swallowing ( brain damage)

Answer 7

• Stroke
• Encephalitis

Question 8

Factors that could lead to GORD ?

Answer 8

• intra abdominal pressure ( pregnancy)
• Hiatal hernia
• Increased acid production
• Poor lower oesphageal sphinctre
• Delayed gastric emptying

Question 9

What cell is responsible for the production of pepsinogen in the stomach?

Answer 9

chief cells

Question 10

What cell is responsible for producing gastric acid (HCL)?

Answer 10

Parietal cells

Question 11

What cell is responsible for producing mucous within the stomach?

Answer 11

Goblet cells

Question 12

Symptoms of GORD ?

Answer 12

Heartburn
Belching and regurgitation
Hypersalivation
Symptoms worse when lying down

Question 13

What lifestyle advide would you give to someone with Gord ?

Answer 13

Avoidance of spicy and fatty foods, carbonated drinks etc
Avoidance of alcohol and smoking
Termination of use of NSAIDs if used
Raise head of bed
Avoid eating within 2-3 hours of bedtime

Question 14

What medication can be given to someone with GORD?

Answer 14

PPI

Question 15

What pre-cancerous condition can GORD lead to?

Answer 15

Barratt’s Oesophagus

Question 16

What is the oesophagus lined with ?

Answer 16

normal squamous epithelium

Question 17

In barrets oesophagus, the lining of the oesophagus goes from normal squamous cell epithelium to what?

Answer 17

Metastic columnar epithelium

Question 18

What cancer is Barret’s oesophagus likely to develop?

Answer 18

oesophageal adenocarcinoma

Question 19

What are the two types of peptic ulcers

Answer 19

1- Gastric ulcer
2- duodenal ulcer

Question 20

Which peptic ulcer may be malignant ?

Answer 20

Gastric ulcer

Question 21

Where is a duodenal ulcer located ?

Answer 21

First part of duodenum.

Question 22

What are the three protective components of the gastric mucosal barrier ?

Answer 22

1. Mucus, produced by goblet cells and fovlear cells, which form a a protective coating over the entire surface of the gastric mucosa, it protects the gastric mucosa from auto digestion. It contains mucin, phospholipids, electrolytes, bicarbonate and water.
2. A compact epithelial cell lining. Apical surface affords protection together with tight-junctions that repel harsh fluids that may damage the stomach.
3. Secretion of bicarbonate ions which creates a buffer zone

Question 23

Where is a gastric ulcer most likley to be ?

Answer 23

Most commonly found on the lesser curvature or pyloric antrum

Question 24

What is the most common cause of a peptic ulcer ?

Answer 24

H.pylori

but can also be NSAIDS.

Question 25

What does H.pylori produce which can nuterolise gastric acis ?

Answer 25

Bacteria produce urease, which neutralises gastric acid, protecting the bacteria and producing toxic ammonia as a by-product ++ UREASE can be easily detected using a breath test++

Question 26

What test is used to detect H.pylori ?

Answer 26

Breath test

Question 27

What hormones does the pancreas release ?

Answer 27

insulin and glucagon

Question 28

What cell is insulin released from within the pancreas ?

Answer 28

Pancreatic Beta cell

Question 29

What cell is glucagon released from in the pancreas?

Answer 29

Pancreatic Alpha cells

Question 30

What does insulin do to blood glucose levels ?

Answer 30

Decrease blood sugar levels

Question 31

What does glucagon do to blood gluocose levels?

Answer 31

Increase blood sugar levels

Question 32

What hormones are released from the pancreas to ensure that blood glucose levels remain between 4 and 7

Answer 32

Insulin and glucagon

Question 33

What are the two types of IBD ?

Answer 33

- Ulcerative collitis - Chrons disease

Question 34

Where does chrons disease occur ?

Answer 34

- Occur in any part of the intestine, and may occur in different areas simultaneously - Affect all layers of the intestine

Question 35

Where does ulcerative colitis occur ?

Answer 35

- Found in the colon only - Limited to inflammation of the mucosa and submucosa

Question 36

What might be seen in ulcerative colitis on a histology picture ?

Answer 36

Crypt abscesses.

Question 37

What might be seen on a chrons histology picture ?

Answer 37

Cobblestone pattern

Question 38

What is the treatment for ulcerative colitis ?

Answer 38

- Amino salicylates

Question 39

What types of obstructions can occur in the small intestine ?

Answer 39

- Herniation - Adhesions - Volvulus - Intrasuseption - Ileus - Physical blockage

Question 40

In advanced liver disease what might be raised ?

Answer 40

Ammonia