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Gi - by ab - Complete > Anna + Desminis Teams Flash Cards > Flashcards

Anna + Desminis Teams Flash Cards

1
Q

What nerves control swallowing ?

A

5, 9, and 10

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2
Q

What is the clinical term for difficulty in swallowing ?

A

Dysphagia

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3
Q

What could you insert if a patient couldnt swallow to ensure they have adequate nutrition ?

A

NG tube

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4
Q

What is the spincter called at the top of the stomach ?

A

Lower Oesophageal sphincter

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5
Q

What is the sphincter at the bottom of the stomach ?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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6
Q

What are the functions of the liver ?

A

Filtration.
Digestion.
Metabolism and Detoxification.
Protein synthesis.
Storage of vitamins and minerals.

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7
Q

Conditions that affect swallowing ( brain damage)

A
  • Stroke
  • Encephalitis
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8
Q

Factors that could lead to GORD ?

A
  • intra abdominal pressure ( pregnancy)
  • Hiatal hernia
  • Increased acid production
  • Poor lower oesphageal sphinctre
  • Delayed gastric emptying
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9
Q

What cell is responsible for the production of pepsinogen in the stomach?

A

chief cells

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10
Q

What cell is responsible for producing gastric acid (HCL)?

A

Parietal cells

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11
Q

What cell is responsible for producing mucous within the stomach?

A

Goblet cells

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12
Q

Symptoms of GORD ?

A

Heartburn
Belching and regurgitation
Hypersalivation
Symptoms worse when lying down

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13
Q

What lifestyle advide would you give to someone with Gord ?

A

Avoidance of spicy and fatty foods, carbonated drinks etc
Avoidance of alcohol and smoking
Termination of use of NSAIDs if used
Raise head of bed
Avoid eating within 2-3 hours of bedtime

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14
Q

What medication can be given to someone with GORD?

A

PPI

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15
Q

What pre-cancerous condition can GORD lead to?

A

Barratt’s Oesophagus

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16
Q

What is the oesophagus lined with ?

A

normal squamous epithelium

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17
Q

In barrets oesophagus, the lining of the oesophagus goes from normal squamous cell epithelium to what?

A

Metastic columnar epithelium

18
Q

What cancer is Barret’s oesophagus likely to develop?

A

oesophageal adenocarcinoma

19
Q

What are the two types of peptic ulcers

A

1- Gastric ulcer
2- duodenal ulcer

20
Q

Which peptic ulcer may be malignant ?

A

Gastric ulcer

21
Q

Where is a duodenal ulcer located ?

A

First part of duodenum.

22
Q

What are the three protective components of the gastric mucosal barrier ?

A
  1. Mucus, produced by goblet cells and fovlear cells, which form a a protective coating over the entire surface of the gastric mucosa, it protects the gastric mucosa from auto digestion. It contains mucin, phospholipids, electrolytes, bicarbonate and water.
  2. A compact epithelial cell lining. Apical surface affords protection together with tight-junctions that repel harsh fluids that may damage the stomach.
  3. Secretion of bicarbonate ions which creates a buffer zone
23
Q

Where is a gastric ulcer most likley to be ?

A

Most commonly found on the lesser curvature or pyloric antrum

24
Q

What is the most common cause of a peptic ulcer ?

A

H.pylori

but can also be NSAIDS.

25
Q

What does H.pylori produce which can nuterolise gastric acis ?

A

Bacteria produce urease, which neutralises gastric acid, protecting the bacteria and producing toxic ammonia as a by-product

++ UREASE can be easily detected using a breath test++

26
Q

What test is used to detect H.pylori ?

A

Breath test

27
Q

What hormones does the pancreas release ?

A

insulin and glucagon

28
Q

What cell is insulin released from within the pancreas ?

A

Pancreatic Beta cell

29
Q

What cell is glucagon released from in the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic Alpha cells

30
Q

What does insulin do to blood glucose levels ?

A

Decrease blood sugar levels

31
Q

What does glucagon do to blood gluocose levels?

A

Increase blood sugar levels

32
Q

What hormones are released from the pancreas to ensure that blood glucose levels remain between 4 and 7

A

Insulin and glucagon

33
Q

What are the two types of IBD ?

A
  • Ulcerative collitis
  • Chrons disease
34
Q

Where does chrons disease occur ?

A
  • Occur in any part of the intestine, and may occur in different areas simultaneously
  • Affect all layers of the intestine
35
Q

Where does ulcerative colitis occur ?

A
  • Found in the colon only
  • Limited to inflammation of the mucosa and submucosa
36
Q

What might be seen in ulcerative colitis on a histology picture ?

A

Crypt abscesses.

37
Q

What might be seen on a chrons histology picture ?

A

Cobblestone pattern

38
Q

What is the treatment for ulcerative colitis ?

A
  • Amino salicylates
39
Q

What types of obstructions can occur in the small intestine ?

A
  • Herniation
  • Adhesions
  • Volvulus
  • Intrasuseption
  • Ileus
  • Physical blockage
40
Q

In advanced liver disease what might be raised ?

A

Ammonia

41
Q
A

Gi - by ab - Complete (7 decks)

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