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Module 4 - craniofacial skull > Anomolies > Flashcards

Anomolies Flashcards

1
Q

what tissues are interacting in week 6 of tooth development?

A

epithelium and ectomesenchyme

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2
Q

when is bud stage?

A

week 8

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3
Q

what stage of tooth development results in disruption that is seen on clinic?

A

bud stage at week 8

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4
Q

when is cap stage?

A

week 11

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5
Q

when do layers form in tooth development?

A

cap stage at week 11

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6
Q

when is bell stage?

A

week 14

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7
Q

what are the 5 classifications of anomalies?

A

quantity
size and form
formation disturbances
hereditary disturbances of structure
other

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8
Q

how do you differentiate developmental and environmental anomalies?

A

Developmental – affect all the teeth as they require the same gene expression

Environmental – will only affect teeth that were developing at the time when the environmental factor was an issue

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9
Q

what are the 3 quantitative developmental disorders?

A

anodontia/ hypodontia
hyperdontia

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10
Q

what is hypodontia?

A

missing teeth due to failing to develop

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of hypodontia?

A

anodontia
oligodontia

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12
Q

what is anodontia?

A

total lack of teeth in one or both dentitions

  • no alveolar bone
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13
Q

what is oligodontia?

A

more than 6 primary or permanent teeth are absent

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14
Q

aetiology of hypodontia?

A

genetic, environmental or both

sometimes single-gene disorders

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15
Q

what syndromes is hypodontia associated with?

A

trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
ectodermal dysplasia

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16
Q

what do people with ectodermal dysplasia not have?

A

sweat glands

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17
Q

what are supernumerary teeth?

A

additional teeth

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18
Q

where do you find mesiodens?

A

midline
peg shaped teeth

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19
Q

what do supplemental teeth look like?

A

normal teeth

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20
Q

what is a risk associated with conical supernumeraries?

A

if they dont erupt they could migrate towards the nose

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21
Q

what skeletal dysplasia disorder may lead to supernumerary teeth?

A

cleidocranial dysostosis

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22
Q

what gene switches on and allows teeth to develop?

A

MSX1

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23
Q

what are the size and shape anomalies?

A

microdontia
macrodontia
dens en dente
talon cusp

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24
Q

what is microdontia?

A

one or more teeth appear smaller than normal, including peg shaped teeth

25
Q

what is macrodontia?

A

teeth are larger than normal

26
Q

what are forms of macrodontia?

A

double teeth
dens en dente (dens invaginatus)
talon cusps (dens envagintus)

27
Q

what are the 2 causes of macrodontia?

A

fusion
gemination

28
Q

what is fusion?

A

union of 2 tooth buds

29
Q

what is gemination?

A

single root
2 crowns

30
Q

what is dens en dente?

A

localised area where the crown is folded inwards

31
Q

what is clinically important about dens en dente?

A

caries can lead to pulpitis and periapical infection

32
Q

what are talon cusps?

A

adjunct cusp arises from the cingulum or CEJ in anterior teeth

33
Q

what are types of structural developmental anomalies?

A

hereditary: amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinal dysplasia, dentinogenesis imperfecta

non hereditary: MIH, fluorosis, turners tooth

34
Q

what is amelogenesis imperfecta?

A

defect in function of ameloblast and mineralisation of enamel matrix

35
Q

what are the 2 types of amelogenesis imperfecta?

A

hypoplastic
hypomineralised

36
Q

what does hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta present as?

A

thin but hard enamel; normal bond strength

37
Q

aetiology of hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta?

A

teeth different shape before eruption

38
Q

what does hypomineralised amelogenesis imperfecta present as?

A

full thickness enamel but soft; impaired bond strength

39
Q

aetiology of hypomineralised amelogenesis imperfecta?

A

breakdown occurs after tooth erupts

40
Q

how is amelogenesis imperfecta inherited?

A

autosomal dominance

41
Q

what are dental defects associated with amelogenesis imperfecta?

A

pulp calcification
taurodontism
delayed eruption
gingival overgrowth
skeletal anterior open bite

42
Q

what are the types of hypomineralised amelogenesis imperfecta?

A

hypocalcified
hypomature

43
Q

what does hypomature AI present as?

A

chalky
orange/brown/white

44
Q

what does hypocalcified AI present as?

A

enamel only persists on cervical part

45
Q

what is dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A

autosomal dominant inherited condition

46
Q

what is type I DI?

A

associated with osteosis imperfecta - less severe

47
Q

what is type II DI?

A

DI on its own - more significant

48
Q

what is type III DI?

A

“Brandywine isolate”

49
Q

how is DI normally managed?

A

bisphosphonates

50
Q

what does DI present as in the primary dentition?

A

amber
attrition
pulp obliteration
spontaneous abscesses

51
Q

what does DI present as in the permanent dentition?

A

grey/translucent
short root
pulp obliteration
spontaneous abscesses

52
Q

what is MIH?

A

developmental defect in enamel structure with less mineral content due to disruption to the maturation/ late transitional stage of amelogenesis

53
Q

what teeth are most affected by MIH?

A

1st permanent molars and central incisors

54
Q

what can MIH appear as?

A

demarcated enamel opacities ranging in colour
hypoplastic
breakdown of teeth

55
Q

what does fluorosis arise from?

A

ingestion of high fluoride concentrations during amelogenesis

56
Q

what is turners tooth?

A

area of hypoplastic enamel following infection around the interradicular area of a primary tooth

57
Q

what teeth are usually affected by turners tooth?

A

successional tooth - often 2nd premolars

58
Q

what is it called when a root has an irregular bend?

A

dilacerated root

Module 4 - craniofacial skull (12 decks)

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