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ANATOMY > Anotomical Terminology > Flashcards

Anotomical Terminology Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

where the various structures may be considered as individual entities

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2
Q

Topographical or regional anatomy,

A

where the organs and tissues studied

in relationship to each other in the different regions of the body

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3
Q

Osteology

A

Study of bones

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4
Q

Anthology

A

Study of joints

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5
Q

Myology

A

Study of muscle

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6
Q

Anterior/ventral

A

In front or nearer the front surface of the body

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7
Q

Posterior / dorsal

A

Behind or nearer the back surface of the body

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8
Q

Superior/ CEPHALAD

A

Above or nearer the head

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9
Q

Inferior/ CAUDAD

A

Below or nearer the feet

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10
Q

Medial

A

Nearer the midline

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11
Q

Lateral

A

Further from the midline

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12
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer trunk

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13
Q

Distal

A

Further from trunk

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14
Q

Axis

A

The line about which movement takes place is the axis of movement.

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15
Q

Plane

A

The plane in which the movement takes place lies at right angles to the axis.

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16
Q

FLEXION

A

to bend or make an angle at a joint

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17
Q

EXTENSION

A

to stretch out or straighten a joint

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18
Q

ABDUCTION

A

to move a limb away from the midline of the body

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19
Q

ADDUCTION

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A

to move a limb towards the midline of the body

20
Q

CIRCUMDUCTION

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A

is a combination, in sequence, of the movements of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction.

21
Q

MEDIAL (INTERNAL) ROTATION

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A

to turn/ rotate a limb towards the midline

22
Q

LATERAL (EXTERNAL) ROTATION

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A

to turn/ rotate a limb away from the midline

23
Q

Joint

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A

The place where two or more bones meet or articulate

24
Q

How to remember labelling joint

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A
  1. Type of joint
  2. Bones in articulation and features
  3. Arrangement of capsule and synovial membrane
  4. Ligaments
  5. Movements and limiting factors
  6. Nerve supply
25
3 types of joint
1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial
26
3 types of Fibrous joints
1. Sutures 2. Gomphosis 3. Syndesmoses Bony surfaces united by fibrous connective tissue very stable joints
27
Sutures
Only in skull where margins articulate with each other Edges sedated Separated by ligaments Periosteum (dense layer of vascular connective tissue) continuous across internal external surface of joint No appreciable movement
28
Gomphosis
Special fibrous articulations restricted to the fixation of teeth in mandible and maxillae
29
Syndesmoses
Rare = inferior tibiofibular joint
30
Two types of Cartilaginous joint
1. Synchondroses | 2. Symphyses
31
Synchondroses
Primary Bony surfaces united by hyaline cartilage Temporary joints allow growth All joints between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones 🦴 < epiphysis is rounded end and diaphysis is shaft Obliterated by ossification of epiphysis plate when growth is completed (Bone remodelling)
32
Synovial joint
Freely moveable joints to varying degrees Bones surfaces are in contact but not continuously , covered by articulations hyaline cartilage
33
Joint cavity
Space between the bones Contains viscous fluid called SYNOVIAL FLUID (clear / pale yellow)
34
Function of joint cavity
1. nutritional source of articular cartilage | 2. Lubricant for joint efficiency
35
Injury joint capsule
Excess synovial fluid causes swelling Restoration = reabsorption of fluid sped up by application of ice
36
Structure of Fibrous capsule
Line bones at synovial joints linked by joint capsule Parallel+interlacing bundles of connective tissue forming a cuff around the joint Surrounds joint restricts movement attached loosely round articulations cartilage Perforated by blood vessels nerves 1+ apertures (gap) lining membrane produce sac
37
Synovial membrane
Lines joint capsule and non articular parts of bones Lines structures = bursa and tendon sheaths reduces friction of opposing surfaces Two layers cellular intima supported by fibrovascular subintimal lamina Rich in blood supply (see HIP)
38
What is extent and direction of Movement determined by
1. closeness/shape of opposing joint surfaces 2. nature/density of intervening tissue 3. form/attachments of ligaments surrounding joints
39
4 types of movement
Translatory- simple gliding movement of one surface over another Angular- movements that involve an increased or decrease in angle between adjacent bones (flex ex abd add) Circumduction- compound movements combination of angular movements Rotation- adjunct rotation- independent of movement (rotating joint) conjunct rotation- accompaniment of main movement (rotation occurs when eg flex)
40
Accessory ligaments
Essential to normal joint resist strain
41
NRM
Tension ligaments | Tension muscles
42
Classification of joints
Type 1. FIBROUS 2. CARTILIGINOUS 3. SYNOVIAL Complexity 1. SIMPLE- processing x2 articulating surfaces (hip) 2. COMPOUND-processing more than 1 pair of articulating surfaces 3. COMPLEX- processing an intracapsular disc (knee meniscus) Freedom of movement 1. UNI-AXIALx x1 degree of freedom movement x1 plane elbow 2. BI-AXIAL-x2 degrees of freedom x2 planes wrist 3. MULTIX-AXIAL- x3 degrees of freedom x3 planes eg shoulder Shape of articulating surface
43
Sources of nutrition of articular cartilage
Synovial fluid Bone marrow Synovial membrane
44
Classifying joints
TYPE -hinge, gliding, ball and socket COMPLEXITY- 1. simple: x2 or more articulating surface 2. compound- more than 1 pair of articulating surfaces 3. complex- process intracaspular disc DEGREE OF FREEDOM- 1. uni-axial- x1 plane of motion 2. bi-axial- x2 planes of motion 3. multi-axial- x3 planes of motion SHAPE- if articulating surfaces
45
Cartiligions joints - symphyeses
Secondary bony surfaces united by a cartilaginous disc or plate Dont ossify as we age occur where the body needs both stability and movement
46
Close pack position
where the surfaces fit together precisely and where there is maximum contact between the surfaces.
47
Open pack position
structures of the joint are most lax and the surfaces least in contact

ANATOMY (11 decks)

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