ANP 1105 - Final Review Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What layer of blood vessel wall is critical for regulating circulatory dynamics?
Because it is the bulkiest layer in arteries
Maintains BP
A
The tunica media
2
Q
Name an example of an Elastic (Conducting) Artery
A
Aorta and its major branches
3
Q
What layer are capillaries made up of. Joined by what
A
tunica intima. Tight Junctions (for passage of fluids)
4
Q
Pericytes in capillaries
A
spatially isolated contractile cells - controls blood flow
5
Q
What type of capillary is the most permeable?
A
Sinusoid capillary
6
Q
What is microcirculation in capillaries
A
blood flow from arterioles to venules
7
Q
Where are mesenteric capillary beds found
A
In serous membranes of intestinal mesenteries
8
Q
What promotes blood return in veins?
A
large-diameter lumen
9
Q
Vascular Anastomoses
A
mulitple arteries leading to support one organ with blood (arterial anastomoses)
10
Q
What are 3 factors that influence TPR
A
- Blood viscosity
- Blood vessel length
- Blood vessel diameter
11
Q
What activation system makes venoconstriction occur
A
Sympathetic
12
Q
3 ways that venous blood return can be aided
MRV
A
Muscular Pump, Respiratory Pump, Venoconstriction
13
Q
Function of the medulla oblongata
A
Connects the brain to the spinal cord
14
Q
Vasomotor center purpose
A
Sends impulses vasomotor fibers (sympathetic system) to constrict.
Continuous vessel constriction is called vasomotor tone
15
Q
CV center responds to input from
3
A
Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers
16
Q
Main function of carotid sinuses
A
Main blood supply to the brain
17
Q
Baroreceptors. Basics of how it works
CV center
A
BRs get stretched sending impulses to the CV center. Activating the cardioinhibitory and vasomotor centers
18
Q
Are baroreceptors for short or long-term aid? Give examples
A
Short - standing and bending
19
Q
Chronic Hypertension
Baroreceptors
A
People with continuous high BP will develop hypertension because the BRs adapt to the high pressure changes.
Higher set point
20
Q
Chemoreceptor main function
A
Increase CO which makes it so there is a rise in BP and more blood flow goes to the heart
21
Q
Hormonal Regulation and how it is affected short-term and long-term
A
Short via PR
Long via blood volume
22
Q
What does the adrenal medulla hormone release during stress periods?
A
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
23
Q
Result of low BP or BV in kidney
A
Water is conserved and returned to the bloodstream.
24
Q
When does renin get released?
A
arterial blood pressure declines, certain cells in the kidney will release renin into the blood. Renin enzymatically spits angiotensin which will then help to stabilize the arterial blood pressure.
25
What is atherosclerosis
Buildup of plaque in the artery walls. Cause decrease in blood flow
26
3 types of circulatory shock
Hypovolemic shock - large-scale blood loss
Vascular - extreme vasodilation - slow blood flow
Cardiogenic - heart is so inefficient, cannot sustain adequate circulation
27
Tissue perfusion
blood flow through body tissues
28
Intrinsic control
| 2
metabolic and myogenic
29
Extrinsic controls
Neural and hormonal
30
Reactive vs. active hyperemia
Reactive - if there is a blood occlusion then there will be a blood flow response
Active - blood flow response to increase in tissue metabolic activity
31
Where are capillaries found?
Throughout the whole body, they exhange and diffuse nutrients to sustain the body. Found within all tissues and organs
32
How close are tissues with capillaries
Within 0.02 mm
33
How does the velocity of blood flow change throughout the different blood vessels
Fastest in aorta, then slowest in capillaries, then normal speed in veins (depending on where it is going)
34
Four routes to cross capillary
1. Diffuse directly through endothelial membranes - lipid-soluble molecules (gases)
2. Pass through clefts - water-soluble solutes
3. Pass through fenestrations - water-soluble solutes
4. Active transport via pinocytotic vesicles or caveolae - large molecules such as proteins
35
Lipid-soluble
Being able to dissolve in fats, oils, or fatty tissues
36
How much fluid is filtered out and reabsorbed back into the capillary bed?
20 L out of arterial end and 17 L into venous end
37
Quick and dirty way of talking about hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures
hydrostatic pressure pushes and OP sucks
38
Edema
Abnormal increase in the amount of interstitial fluid.
39
Pulmonary Circulation Loop
From systemic circulation into LV out to lungs back into heart then back out into systemic circulation to nourish the body
40
Systemic Circulation
Deoxygenated blood from RV -> oxygenated blood that gets pushed out aorta to capillaries around the body. Deoxy blood goes back to heart to get oxygenated
41
What pair of arteries stimulates the brain
internal carotid arteries
42
What is the circle of Willis
| arteries
Cerebral arterial circle
43
Importance of mesenteric veins
| organs
Mesenteric organ and veins attach all digestive ograns together in the abdomen
44
Hepatic veins function
Return low-oxygen blood back to the heart
45
How many L of lymph (fluid) are drained each day
3 L
46
Atherosclerosis
plaque build-up in arteries leading to possible heart failure
47
Aneurysm
bulge in a blood vessel that may burst and cause interanl bleeding
48
Where can pathogens and cancer cells travel
through lymphatic system
49
What are the lymphatic capillaries called
lacteals
50
Where is the cisterna chyli located near?
| Lymphatic trunk
near lumbar trunks
51
Albumin and blood
protein that helps maintain the pressure in the arteries so that there isn't too much, and the fluid can make it around the body
52
Is MAP closer to diastolic or systolic pressure
diastolic because the ventricles spend more time in diastole than systole
| 2/3s distole 1/3 systole
53
Which hormone primarily lowers blood pressure?
atrial natriuretic peptide
54
What is the net hydrostatic pressure found at the arterial end
34 mm Hg
55
Role of pulmonary veins
bring oxygen-rich blood from lungs to heart
56
Roles of superior and inferior vena cavae
Superior - brings oxygen-poor blood froma reas above the diaphragm
Inferior - brings from below the diaphragm
56
57
How to calculate NFP (net filtration pressure)?
add outward pressure together minus the addition of inward pressure (in towards the artery)
58
What is a nickname for veins
blood reservoirs
59
What fibers aid in vasoconstriction during SNS activity
vasomotor fibers
60
List 4 ways that lymph is transported
milked by skeletal muscle
pressure changes in thorax
valves to prevent backflow
contractions of SM in walls
61
thymus
| lymphatics
a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system
62
T-cell and B-cell originate from where
| different spots
thymus
bone marrow
63
Name some common lymph organs
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
64
Where are the largest clusters of lymph nodes found
cervical, axillary, and ingenuinal area
65
66
Role of dendritic cells
| immune and T-cells
discover antigens and present them to the T-cell to be destroyed
67
What happens in superficial and deep cortex
S - germinal centers that produce a lot of B-cells
D - T-cells in transit. Dendritic cells
68
Medullary cords
| lymphatic cell structure
inward extensions where t and b cells are found
69
lymph sinuses
| lymph structure
act like capillaries where fluid comes up through them. Macrophages on surrounding RTs attack foreign matter
70
what does MALT stand for
| list the three biggest ones
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
| tonsils, peyer's patches, appendix
71
location of peyer's patches
wall of small intestine
72
job of B cells
produce antibodies that will mark antigens for destruction
73
thymus doesn't contain follicles so what CAN'T it produce
B-cells
74
where do T cells mature
thymus
75
where do B cells mature
bone marrow
76
what does stroma of thymus contain rather than RTs (CT)
epithelia cells
77
Where does the thoracic duct drain from
left side of body and rigth abdomen and leg
78
Are there more efferent or afferent vessels in the lymph node
less efferent so that the fluid can move slower inside the node
79
lymphangitis presents itself as
red lines under the skin that are sensitive to the touch
80
80
80
sentinel node is the first node to what
recieves lymph drainage from a body area suspected of cancer
81
Pulse Pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Heartbeat
82
Antiduretic hormone function
| BP
acts on arterioles and kidneys to increase BP
83
Angiotensin II function
acts on arterioles to increase BP
84
Atrial Natriuretic peptide function
acts on arterioles to LOWER BP
85
Hypertension arteriole pressure number
140/90
86
Which part of nose produces mucus?
paranasal sinus
87
Rhinitis and sinusitis
inflammation of nasal mucosa
blocked nasal airways
88
Where is the isthmus of fauces open up to
oral cavity
89
what are the names of the two tonsils that open into the oral cavity
palatine and lingual
90
Carina
| trachea
point on trachea where it breaks into two bronchiole branches
91
Site for erythrocyte production in fetus -organ
| lymphatics
spleen
92
T cells and where they come from and develop
come from bone marrow
mature in thymus
93
area of lymphocytes suspended by reticular fibers in the spleen are known as
white pulp
94
Pulmonary circulation
| basics
- includes pulmonary arteries with sytemic venous blood from vena cavaes transporting the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. And back through the pul. veins into the LA
95
Bronchial Circulation
| Basics
Oxygenating the lung tissues. Does not reach alveoli
96
Parasymp. vs symp. motor fibers action on lungs
P - constrict
S - dilate to get more air because hyperventilation
97
Parasymp. symp. and visceral motor fibers location
enter each lung through pul. plexus and run along bronchial tubes and blood vessels in the lungs
98
Atelectasis
| lungs
lung collapse
99
Pneumothorax
| lung
ruptured visceral or parietal pleura
| air in pleural cavity
100
Boyle's Law
| lung
relationship between gas pressure and volume
101
Gas pressure decreases when
thoracic cavity dimensions are enlarged
102
End result of inspiration
air flows into lungs and gas pressure decreases as all dimensions of thoracic cavity are enlarged. CO2 is decreased
103
does Ppul decrease or increase in expiration?
increase as air/gas is pushed
104
What happens to pleural cavity as chest wall expands?
Pip becomes more negative
105
during each breath how many litres are moved in and out of the lungs
0.5 L
106
meaning of gas flow changes inversely with resistance
gas flow decreases as resistance increases
107
why does resitance disapear at terminal bronchioles
gas flow stops and diffusion takes over - resistance no longer an issue
108
Surfactant role on alveolar surface tension
reduces alveolar surface tension - acts as a detergent.
Keeps them from collapsing
109
IRDS - infant respiratory distress syndrome
lack of surfactant in newborns leads to collapse of alveoli
110
Lung Compliance
The more a lung expands for a given rise in transpulmonary pressure
111
lung compliance is determined by 2 factors
distensibility of tissue and alveolar surface tension
112
Name the 4 respiratory volumes
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual volume
113
Dalton's Law
each partial pressure of gas added together equals a final sum pressure of gas
114
Henry's Law
each gas dissolving in direct proportion to its partial pressure
115
what does gas dissolving depend on
| 2 factors
solubility
temperature
116
what is 20x more soluble in water than 02
CO2
117
does solubility increase or decrease as temp increases
| henry's law
decreases
118
Respiratory Membrane
membrane seperating air within the alveoli from blood within capillary walls. Consists of alveolar wall, capillary wall, and their basement membranes
119
Why do CO2 and O2 have equal gases exchanged but their pressure gradients are dissimilar?
CO2 is 20x more soluble in plasma than O2
120
How does PO2 control perfusion
arteriolar diameter
121
CO2 controls ventilation
by bronchiolar diameter
122
Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling
optimal gas exchange
123
what is oxygen bound to in hemoglobin
fe - iron
124
Ischemic Hypoxia
blocked circulation
125
Hypoexemic hypoxia
abnormal ventilation
126
Histotoxic Hypoxia
cells unable to use O2
127
Carbon monoxide poisoning
leading cause of death by fire
128
ml/min of CO2 produced by body cells
200 ml
129
70% of CO2 travels using/in what
plasma
130
CO2 is transported in three forms from the tissues
1..dissolved in plasma
2.bound to Hb
3.in form of bicarbonate ion HCO3 in plasma
131
Hyperpnea
Breathing becomes deep and vigorous during exercise
132
What body part controls the respiratory rate
medulla
132
Hyperpnea
| lungs
increased ventilation in response to metabolic needs
132
Haldane Effect
the lower the PO2 carried in the blood the more CO2 can be carried
133
What is considered the alkaline reserve of the buffer system
HCO3-
134
Hypocapnia
| lungs
decreased blood CO2 levels
| may cause fainting
135
Apnea
| lungs
temporary cessation of breathing
136
Respiratory centers
| which one sets respiratory rhythm
medulla and pons
| medulla
137
VRG
| meaning and function
ventral respiratory group of medulla
- rhythm-generating and fires neurons for expiration and inspiration (inhibitors)
138
What chemoreceptor plays a big role on the respiratory brain center
H+ increase
139
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found
in carotid arteries and aortic arch
140
Influence of PO2 on ventilation
decrease in arterial PO2 = increase in ventilation
141
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant
rising CO2 levels
142
rate is determined for breathing how
how long the inspiratory center is active before expiratory inhibitors come in
143
depth for breathing is determined how
how actively respiratory center stimulates the respiratory muscles
144
Central vs. Peripheral chemoreceptors
C - located throughout brain stem
P - found in aortic arch and carotid arteries
145
Chronic Bronchitis
excess mucus production
chronic bronchial inflammation
146
Emphysema
loss of lung elasticity
breakdown of alveolar walls
147
gas exchange through what in fetus
placenta
148
When is respiratory rate highest
in newborns and deteriorates with old age
149
atelectasis
collapse of lung or part of lung
150
