AnP 2 Study Guide

Question 1

How would an increase in stroke volume affect blood pressure and why?

Answer 1

Increase in blood pressure, because more blood is being pumped into the arteries

Question 2

how would a decrease in cardiac output affect blood pressure

Answer 2

decrease in blood pressure

Question 3

how would an increase in viscosity of the blood affect blood pressure

Answer 3

increase in pressure

Question 4

how would a decrease in blood vessel length affect blood pressure

Answer 4

increase in blood pressure

Question 5

How would vasoconstriction of the blood vessels affect the blood pressure and why?

Answer 5

increase in bp and because the blood vessels narrow making the resistace increase making it harder for the blood to flow through

Question 6

how would an increase in heart rate affect blood pressure

Answer 6

increase in bp because it pumps more blood per min

Question 7

how would a decrease in blood volume affect blood pressure

Answer 7

decrease in bp

Question 8

how would increased radius of a vessel affect blood preassure

Answer 8

radius increases bp as it increases

Question 9

systolic pressure

Answer 9

pressure on the artrrial walls as the ventricles contract, (120 mmHg)

Question 10

diastolic presure

Answer 10

pressure on arterial walls when ventricles are relaxed, lowest pressure, (80 mmHg).

Question 11

pulse pressure, where is it highest and lowest?

Answer 11

The additional pressure placed on the arteries from when the heart is resting to when it is contracting, is Highest in the arteries closest to the heart, lowest in the lower extremities. (systolic-diastolic)

Question 12

Explain how capillary bp differs on the arterial end vs the venous end

Answer 12

arterial - filtration (+10 mmHg)
mid capilarry- no movement (0 mmHG)
venous- reabsorption (-7 mmHg)

Question 13

What mechanisms are in place to assist blood flow through the venous circulation, and how do they work

Answer 13

venous valves, one way valves that prevent blood flowing backwards

Question 14

What do baroreceptors and chemoreceptors detect in the blood?

Answer 14

baroreceptors monitor blood pressure
chemoreceptors detect changes in blood composition (CO2, pH, O2)

Question 15

Formed elements in blood

Answer 15

red blood cells
white blood cells-
platelets-

Question 16

what are erythrocytes

Answer 16

red blood cells and they transport O2 and CO2

Question 17

What are leukocytes

Answer 17

white blood cells/ defend agains harmful substances

Question 18

what are thrombocytes

Answer 18

platelets, responsible for blood clotting

Question 19

formed elements in plasma

Answer 19

water, plasma proteins, molecules and ions

Question 20

plasma proteins

Answer 20

prevent loss of fluid from the blood

Question 21

contents of erythroctyes

Answer 21

bioconcave structure, no nuclei or organellesha

Question 22

what is hemoglobin

Answer 22

a red pigmented protein adapted to carry O2 and CO2

Question 23

What is hemopoiesis, + where does it occur

Answer 23

production of blood cells and it occurs in red bone marrow.

Question 24

what event/situation would trigger erythropoiesis and explain what happens

Answer 24

Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells, which begins with hematopoietic cells and is stimulated by hormones into erythropoiesis, which increases when there is a state of hypoxia.

Question 25

where does erythrocyte destruction occur + describe process

Answer 25

lack organelles, erythrocytes cannot synthesize proteins for repairs, old erythrocytes are phagocytized

Question 26

What would happen if an individual had low amounts of erythrocytes, leukocytes or thrombocytes?

Answer 26

anemia, leukopina,a or thrombocytopenia

Question 27

classification of leukocytes

Answer 27

agranular- lymphocytes and monocytes granular- basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils

Question 28

lymphocytes

Answer 28

round dark nucleus attack pathogens and produce antibodies

Question 29

what are monocytes

Answer 29

large c shaped nucleus, exit the blood and enter tissues to become macrophages

Question 30

neutrophil

Answer 30

pale lilace granules, increase during bacterial infections

Question 31

eosinophil

Answer 31

pink orange granules and increase with parasitic infections

Question 32

basophils

Answer 32

dark blue granules, important in allergies and inflammatory responses

Question 33

3 phases of hemostasis

Answer 33

vascular spasm immediately follows vessel injury, the vessel constricts, decreasing blood flow platlet plug formation - platlets stick to the exposed collagen fibers pluging the wound coagulation phase, blood clot

Question 34

intrinstic pathway vs extrinsic pathway

Answer 34

intrinsic pathway - initiated by trauma in the vessel wall extrinsic pathway, initiated tissue damage outside the vessel

Question 35

blood typing is based on what

Answer 35

based off of antigens found on the plasma membrane of erythrocytes

Question 36

antigens and antibodies present in blood type A

Answer 36

surface antigen A and anti-B antibodies

Question 37

what are the antigens and antibodies present in blood type b

Answer 37

surface antigen B and anti-A antibodies

Question 38

What kind of antigens and antibodies do AB blood type have?

Answer 38

antigens - a and b antibodies- neither anti a nor b

Question 39

what type of antigens and antibodies are present in blood type O

Answer 39

antigens- none antibodies- both anti a and anti b

Question 40

What determines if an individual has positive or negative blood

Answer 40

presence or absences of Rh fator

Question 41

what does universal donor and universal recipient mean?

Answer 41

universal donor - type o can give blood to all types universal recipent- type AB can receive all typers of blood

Question 42

lymph

Answer 42

The lymph is the interstitial fluid that surrounds cells, enters the lymph vessels

Question 43

pathway/flow of its flow

Answer 43

lymph -> lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels ->lymphatic trunks -> lymphatic ducts -> venous blood circulation

Question 44

what causes lymph to move into the lymphatic capilaries

Answer 44

overlapping endothelial cells in the wall

Question 45

right lymphatic ducts

Answer 45

near right clavicle, drains upper right quadrant, empties into the junction between the right subclavian vein and the right internal jugular

Question 46

thoracic duct

Answer 46

drains left side of head/neck, left upper limb, left thorax, all of abdomen and both lower limbs and it empties into the junction between left subclavian and left internal jugular

Question 47

What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphatic structures? (composed of what tissues and what organs)

Answer 47

primary- composed ofendothelial tissue(red bone marrow and thymus) - form and mature lymphocytes secondary (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils) - store lymphocytes and other immune cells, composed of dense irregular CT

Question 48

thymus

Answer 48

T-lymphocyte maturation

Question 49

lymph nodes

Answer 49

filter lymph and removal of unwanted substances

Question 50

spleen

Answer 50

filters blood, phagocytosis of defective erythrocytes and platelets, reservoir for platelets

Question 51

tonsils

Answer 51

protects against inhaled or foreign materials

Question 52

bone marrow

Answer 52

produce all of the formed elements through hematopoiesis

Question 53

difference between innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 53

innate- born with it adaptive - acquired `