ANP III Exam 2 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Formation of primary germ layers
A
Gastrulation
2
Q
A spike of ____ causes the mucus plug to thin
A
Estrogen
3
Q
Deposited sperm can not fertilize the oocyte because they lack _____
A
Capacitation
4
Q
Acrosome contain ____
A
Digestive Enzymes
5
Q
Sperm move towards the oocyte due to
A
chemotaxis
6
Q
Sperm binding to zona pellucida triggers ______
A
Acrosomal Reaction
7
Q
Several sperm penetrating the egg is called
A
Polyspermy
8
Q
Exocytosis of cortical granules is called ____
A
corticol reactions
9
Q
Shortly after fertilization ________ occurs
A
Meiosis II
10
Q
Early blastomeres undergo rapid mitotic divisions called _____
A
Cleavage
11
Q
Day three, a ball of 32 cells is called
A
morula
12
Q
The outer most cells during cleavage are called
A
Trophoblast
13
Q
trophoblast eventually make up ______
A
the Chorion and the placenta
14
Q
Hollow ball of 100 cells is called
A
blastocyst
15
Q
Inner cells of the blastocyst are called
A
inner cell mass
16
Q
_____ cells secrete digestive enzymes and growth factor during implantation
A
syncytial trophoblast
17
Q
syncytial trophoblast binds to what layer of the uterus
A
endometrium
18
Q
What hormone stimulates the the corpus luteum to continue to secrete hormones
A
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
19
Q
Modern pregnancy test uses _____ to detect HCG
A
antibodies
20
Q
Embryo implants in the wrong location
A
ectopic pregnancy
21
Q
The layer of cells against the amniotic cavity are called
A
Epiblast
22
Q
The layer of cells against the blastocoele are called
A
Hypoblast
23
Q
Day 12 the epiblast migrate towards the middle causing the____
A
Primitive Streak
24
Q
Cells that stop in-between epiblast and hypo blast become
A
Mesoderm
25
Cells that insert in the hypoblast become
endoderm
26
epiblast cells that do not relocate are called
ectoderm
27
gastrulation (3 germ layers) is called
triploblastic embryo
28
ability to develop into any type of cell is called
pleuripotent
29
Ectoderm cells create
Epidermis
neurons
pigment cells
30
Endoderm cells create
serous membranes
glands
lungs
parts of the urinary system
31
Mesoderm cells create
3 muscle type
bone
circulatory system
connective tissue
32
4 types of extraembryonic membranes are
Chorion
amnion
yolk sac
allantois
33
Chorion surrounds
embryo and all structures
34
Amnion surrounds
fluid filled sac around embryo
35
Yolk sac creates
blood cell formation
36
Allantois creates
blood vessels for umbilical cord
37
trophoblast cells turn into
chorionic villi
38
area furthest away from umbilical cord where chorionic villi degenerate
decidua capularis
39
the part of the uterus that has no contact with the chorion
decidua parietalis
40
active exchange area mother and fetus is
decidua basalis
41
chorion on the embryo side is
smooth and slick
42
chorion on the maternal side is
bumpy
43
umbilical consist of
2 arteries
1 vein
remnants of the allantois
44
Human chorionic gonadotropin does
maintains uterine lining
45
human placental lactogen does
prepares mammary glands
46
relaxin does
increases flexibility of pubic symphsis
| dilates cervix
47
antibodies passed from mother to embryo is an example of
passive immunity
48
changes of cell shape, position and adhesion
morphogesis
49
cells that migrate in between rows of cells are called
convergent extension
50
_______ is the key factor directing migrating cells
extracellular matrix
51
____ bind cells to other cells
cell adhesion molecules
52
the ______ at the tip of the bud has cells grow proximal-distal
apical ectodermal ridge
53
______ influences cells to grow into thumbs or fingers
zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)
54
ZPA secretes _______ called ________
morphogen
| sonic hedgehog
55
formation of the notochord is an example of _______
induction
56
notochord cells start when they dive under the
primitive streak
57
cells on either side of the neural tube form
somites
58
a fold in the neural crest creates the
neural tube
59
the neural tube turns into the
CNS
60
anterior sections of the neural tube develop into the
brain
61
posterior sections of the neural tube develop into the
spinal cord
62
failure to close of section 2 of the neural tube results in
anencephaly
63
failure to close of section 5 of the neural tube results in
spinal befida
64
the three swellings of anterior portion of the neural tube are
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
65
the prosencephalon will become the
cerebrum
| diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
66
the rhombencephalon will become
cerebellum
pons
medulla oblongata
67
the rhombencephalon later divides into 7 parts that become the
jaw
middle ear
teeth
cranial nerves
68
Mesoderm splits into what three layers
Lateral plate mesoderm
intermediate mesoderm
unsegmented mesoderm
69
lateral plate mesoderm develops into
abdominal and thoracic cavity
Walls of the GI
circulatory system
70
Intermediate mesoderm develops into
Urogenital system
71
unsegmented mesoderm develops into
dermis
skeletal muscle
connective tissue
72
Somite's are developed from ______ mesoderm
unsegmented
73
Each somite splits into what three regions
dermatome
myotome
sclerotome
74
Dermatome develops into
dermis
75
myotome develops into
skeletal muscle
76
Sclerotome develops into
vertebrae
77
Each myotome seperates into
```
posterior section (back muscle)
anterior section (trunk and limb muscle)
```
78
phase one of limb formation is
stylopod
| humerus or femur
79
Phase two in limb formation is
zeugopod
| radius and ulna, (tibia, fibula)
80
Phase three in limb formation is
autopod
| metacarpals, metatarsals
81
Early in development _____ ossification begins
endochondral
82
webbed feet or hands is called
syndactyly
83
Amelia is ______
absence of limbs
84
Merolemia is _______
partial absence of limbs
85
lobster claw is_____
failure of the middle diget to form
86
talipes is _______
club foot
87
The heart begins as paired blood vessels called
endocardial heart
88
As the paired blood vessels swell the most cranial portion becomes the ____
Aortic arch
89
As the paired blood vessels swell the middle portion becomes the ____
bolbus cordis
90
As the paired blood vessels swell the posterior third half portion becomes the ____
ventricles
91
As the paired blood vessels swell the bottom portion becomes the ____
sinus venosus
| atrium
92
the septum primum grows from the
dorsal wall
93
The foremen ovale shunts blood from the ____ to _____
right to left atrium
94
when does the formen ovale close
after birth
95
simple congenital heart defects are
problems with the septa
96
complex congenital heart defects are
combinations of septa and issues with the blood vessels
97
Atrial septal defects are when blood flows from
left to right atrium
98
cyanosis is
blueish green color of the skin
99
ventricular septal defects are when blood
flows from left to right ventricles
100
Incomplete opening of the valves
stenosis
101
non opening valves
atresia
102
valves that do not close completely
regurgitation
103
The most common complex heart defect is
tetralogy of fallot
104
blood vessel formation is called
vasculogenesis
105
growth of new blood vessels from existing vessels is
angiogenesis
106
intussusceptive angiogenesis is
transformation of spate vessels into capillary beds
107
the foregut develops into the
```
esophagus
stomach
duodenum
liver
pancreas
```
108
the hindgut develops into the
transverse, descending and sigmoid colon
109
the midgut develops into the
```
duodenum
jejumun
ileum
appendix
ascending colon
```
110
The stomach begins as a swelling in the
foregut
111
The ____ grows faster then the _____ to give the stomach the "J" shape
dorsal
| ventral
