ANS 1

Question 1

Describe the organisation of the ANS

Answer 1

– innervates all tissues except skeletal muscle
– operates outside conscious control
– an essential role in homeostasis

Question 2

Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurones

Answer 2

• Two neurones synapse in specialised autonomic ganglia
• Preganglionic neurone
  – neurone with cell body in CNS
  – CNS origin is the basis of initial
  classification of sympathetic and
  parasympathetic divisions
• Postganglionic neurone
  – neurone with cell body in ganglia
  – innervates the target tissue

Question 3

Sympathetic neurons

Answer 3

Preganglionic nerves of the sympathetic NS
- nerves arise from the thoracic and lumbar region of the spine
- ganglia are found close to the spinal cord in the paravertebral sympathetic chain
- short

Postganglionic nerves
- arise in the autonomic ganglia
- innovate tissue, making them long

Question 4

Post sympathetic neurons

Answer 4

Preganglionic
- arise from the medulla region of the spinal column
- ganglion lies within the tissues
- long

Postganglionic
- arise from the intra-tissue ganglion
- short

Question 5

Describe the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activation

Answer 5

Heart - decreased heart rate

Lung - bronchoconstriction, secretion of mucus

GI tract - increases tone, and motility of small & large intestines increases secretion of saliva and gastric acid

Glands - increase sweating, salivation, lacrimation

Eye - sphincter muscle contraction, ciliary muscle contraction

Blood vessels - most blood vessels are not innervated vasodilatation in some vessels

Question 6

describe the synthesis of parasympathetic neurotransmitters

Answer 6

choline + acetyl-Co-Enzyme -acetylcholinesterase-> acetylcholine

Question 7

describe the storage of parasympathetic and sympathetic neurotransmitters

Question 8

describe the release of parasympathetic and sympathetic neurotransmitters

Question 9

describe the removal of parasympathetic and sympathetic neurotransmitters

Question 10

predict the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic agents

Question 11

predict the effects of muscarinic receptor stimulation in various organs and tissues

Question 12

predict the effects of nicotinic receptor stimulation in various organs and tissues

Question 13

predict the effect of alpha receptor stimulation in various organs and tissues

Question 14

predict the effect of beta-receptor stimulation in various organs and tissues

Question 15

predict the effects of muscarinic agonists

Question 16

predict the effect of cholinesterase inhibitors