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ANS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main effector enzymes of the GPCR alpha subunit?

A

Phospholipase C
Phospholipase A2
Adenylyl Cyclase

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2
Q

What is the function of adenylyl cyclase?

A

Converts ATP to cAMP

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3
Q

What effect does Gs and Gi have on adenylyl cyclase?

A

Gs increases cAMP production
Gi decreases cAMP production

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4
Q

What is the function of phospholipase C?

A

Effector enzyme that converts PIP2 to IP3 and DAG

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5
Q

What is the function of IP3?

A

Binds to calcium channels on the ER, causing calcium release into the cytoplasm

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6
Q

What is the function of DAG?

A

Docking site and activator of protein kinase c

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7
Q

What is the function of phospholipase A2?

A

Calcium dependent enzyme that liberates arachidonic acid from the cell membrane

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8
Q

Arachidonic is the precursor to three families of lipid signaling molecules:

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
CYP450s

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9
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Prostanoids, Leukotrienes, HETEs and ETEs
They’re second messengers that leave the cell and go to target receptors

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10
Q

cAMP activates _____
DAG activates _____
IP3 activates ______

A

cAMP: Phosphokinase A
DAG: Phosphokinase C
IP3: Calcium release

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11
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

ligand-gated ion channels

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12
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

7 transmembrane-spanning receptors coupled to GPCRs

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13
Q

What changes in ion channels are excitatory?

A

Na Influx
Ca Influx
Reduced K Leak

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14
Q

What changes in ion channels are inhibitory?

A

Cl influx
Increased K Leak
Closure of Ca Channels

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15
Q

Why does magnesium cause weakness and potentiate neuromuscular blockade?

A

It antagonizes calcium in the presynaptic nerve terminal, reducing ACh release

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16
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

NMJ
Autonomic Ganglia
Chromaffin cells of Adrenal Medulla
CNS

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17
Q

Where are Nicotinic M receptors found?

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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18
Q

Where are Nicotinic N receptors found?

A

Autonomic Ganglia
Adrenal Medulla
CNS

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19
Q

Where are M1 receptors found?

A

Autonomic Ganglia: Excitatory Response

CNS: arousal, attention, analgesia

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20
Q

Where are M2 receptors found?

A

Cardiac nodal tissue and cardiac muscle: decreased HR and contractility

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21
Q

Where are M3 receptors found?

A

Smooth muscle and GI (salivation, contraction)

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22
Q

Where are M4 receptors found?

A

Presynaptic autoregulation (suppresses Ach release)

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23
Q

Where are M5 receptors found?

A

CNS: dopamine release, dilation of cerebral arteries

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24
Q

Are nicotinic receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

Ionotropic: they open ion channels

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25
Are muscarinic receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?
Metabotropic. They act through GPCRs
26
_______ is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
glutamate
27
______ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
28
______ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and lower brain stem
Glycine
29
How does glutamate cross the BBB>
It doesn't. It has to be synthesized in the brain The brain can convert GABA into glutamate using Krebbs!
30
The NMDAR has three safety locks:
Voltage Dependence (created by AMPAR) Two glutamate bindings Two glycine bindings
31
GABA a receptors are ______ channels
ligand gated Cl channels
32
Which neurotransmitters are amino acids?
Glycine Glutamate GABA
33
Which neurotransmitters are Amines?
The catecholamines Serotonin Histamine
34
All catecholamines are synthesized from ______
tyrosine
35
Serotonin is synthesized from ________
Tryptophan
36
Histamine is synthesized from _______
Histadine
37
Catecholamine metabolism is accomplished by two enzymes:
MAO COMT
38
What is the end product of catecholamine metabolism?
VMA Vanillymandelic Acid
39
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Necrosis is accidental and unregulated. Apoptosis is regulated and programmed.
40
What kind of receptors are cardiac beta1 receptors?
GPCRs - Adenylyl Cyclase
41
Do opioids exert their effects on presynaptic or postsynaptic receptors?
BOTH! Block voltage gated Ca channels Pre Inhibits Adenylyl Cylcase post
42
What are phosphodiesterases?
Enzymes that break phosphodiester bonds, which are found in cGMP and cAMP (among many other places)
43
Why are phosphodiesterases used pharmacologically?
THey're the only substances that break down cGMP and cAMP
44
What are PDE3 inhibitors?
MILRINONE Inhibit phosphodiesterase 3, which is found in cardiac muscle, vascular muscle, placental tissue Nonselective cAMP and cGMP
45
What are PDE 5 Inhibitors?
SILDENAFIL (and all the other -fils) Selective cGMP
46
What are PDE 4 Inhibitors?
ROFLUMILAST Modulates B2 activity in bronchial smooth muscle
47
Pupillary constriction is called:
Miosis
48
Pupillary dilation is called:
Midriasis
49
Which parasympathetic receptors are found in the lung?
M3. Cause bronchoconstriction.
50
Which parasympathetic receptors are found in the heart?
M2. Cause negative inotropy and chronotropy.
51
Which parasympathetic receptor causes miosis?
M3
52
Which sympathetic receptor causes midriasis?
Alpha 1
53
Alpha 2 stimulation causes:
Decreased SNS Tone Antishivering Decreased insulin release, leading to hyperglycemia Promotes platelet aggregation
54
Where are alpha 2 receptors found?
55
Why does precedex cause transient hypertension?
Stimulates POST synaptic alpha 2 receptors in the periphery, leading to vasoconstriction and HTN
56
What effect does increased cAMP have in the myocardium?
Increased calcium and force of contraction
57
What effect does increased cAMP have in the vasculature
Inhibits myosin light chain kinase, causing vasodilation and decreased SVR
58
Which LA inhibits NE reuptake at the synaptic junction?
Cocaine
59
What receptor types are present at all ganglia?
Nicotinic N (N is for neuron)
60
All preganglionic nerves are _______ fibers
Myelinated B Fibers
61
SNS preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord via the: And enter the sympathetic chain via the:
ventral horn white ramus (it's white because it's myelinated)

SEE Prep (2 decks)

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