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Anatomy- Thorax > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Explain what the Sympathetic Nervous System does for the Body:

Pre-capillary sphincters to limbs, back muscles, skin

Sweat Glands

Smooth muscle

A

Relaxes pre-capillary sphincters to limbs & back muscles

CONSTRICTS pre-capillary sphincters to skin

Innervates sweat glands

Innervates smooth muscle that erects hair follicles

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2
Q

Explain what the sympathetic nervous system does for the Organs:

Heart

Respiratory Tract

Blood flow to Abd & pelvic organs

Ejaculation

Adrenal gland

A

Increases rate and force of heart contraction
Relaxes smooth muscle lining the respiratory tract

Constricts smooth muscle sphincters that control blood flow to abdominal and pelvic organs

Coordinates ejaculation

Release of epinephrine/norepinephrine from adrenal gland

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3
Q

Explain what the Sympathetic Nervous System does for the Head & neck:

Skin

Sweat glands

Hair follicles

Pupillary dilator and superior tarsal muscle

A

Constricts pre-capillary sphincters to skin

Innervates sweat glands

Innervates the smooth muscle that erects hair follicles

Innervates pupillary dilator and superior tarsal muscle

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4
Q

Explain what the Parasympathetic Nervous System does in the organs:

Heart

Respiratory tract

GI tract

Bladder

Urinary & rectal sphincter

Genitalia

A

Decreases rate and force of heart contraction

Constricts smooth muscle lining the respiratory tract
Increases glandular secretion into respiratory tract

Increases strength and rate of peristalsis in gastrointestinal tract

Increases glandular secretion of with gastrointestinal tract

Increases tone in the bladder’s detrusor muscle

Relaxes smooth muscle of urinary and rectal sphincters

Relaxes blood vessels of genitalia, allowing engorgement

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5
Q

Explain what the Parasympathetic Nervous System does for the Head & Neck:

Salivary and lacrimal gland

Glands of air sinus & pharynx

Pupillary constrictor muscle

Ciliary body muscle

A

Increases salivary and lacrimal gland secretion
Increases glands of air sinuses and pharynx
Innervates pupillary constrictor muscle
Innervates ciliary body muscle, allowing accommodation

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6
Q

The pre-ganglionic cell body of the PNS and SNS are located where?

A

CNS

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7
Q

The post ganglionic cell body of the PNS and SNS are located where?

A

Peripheral ganglion

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8
Q

Explain the Sympathetic Pathway for pre-ganglion

A

Pre-ganglionic axons exit through anterior roots

->

Spinal Nerve

->

White Rami Communicans

->

Paravertebral ganglia

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9
Q

Sympathetic pre-ganglionic cell bodies are located specifically where?

A

Intermediolateral (IML) cell column of T1-L2 spinal cord

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10
Q

What options does a pre-ganglion SNS axons have once it arrives in the paravertebral ganglia chain?

A

Synapse & exit paravertebral chain

Ascend, synapse and exit paravertebral chain

Descend, synapse and exit paravertebral synapse

Exit without synapse-only in abdomen and pelvis)

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11
Q

If a SNS signal is intended for a specific somatic target of back and limbs. How does it get there?

A

Pre-ganglionic axon synapses in paravertebral ganglion

->

Exit by gray ramus

->

Travel in anterior and posterior rami

->

Sweat glands (sudomotor)
Arrector pili (pilomotor)
Precapillary sphincter(vasomotor)

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12
Q

How could you surgically treat severe hyperhidrosis?

A

Nerves of Kuntz may be resected

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13
Q

How do SNS pre-ganglions get to the head?

A

Ascend and synpase in the paraverterbral ganglia/sympathetic chain:
Inferior, Middle, Superior cervical ganglion

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14
Q

Post-ganglionic SNS cells in inferior or middle cervical ganglia send axons through __________.

What do these innervate?

A

gray rami communicans

Capillary sphincters, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles of neck

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15
Q

If a post-ganglionic SNS axon synapses in superior cervical ganglion, they also may jump to to where in order to get to the head?

A

They may jump into nearby carotid arteries

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16
Q

Post ganglionic SNS axons from superior cervical ganglia travel to where? What does it innervate?

A

Eye

Radial fibers of iris (allows it to dilate)

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17
Q

What causes Horner’s syndrome?

A

Results from disruption of the sympathetic signals to the head

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18
Q

T/F: Horner’s Syndrome is typically bilateral and rarely ipsilateral

A

FALSE!
Horner’s syndrome is UNILATERAL & IPSILATERAL

19
Q

What specific damage could cause Horner’s Syndrome?

A

Sympathetic chain in the neck

Superior cervical ganglion (less common)

IML of the upper thoracic spinal cord (rare)

ANS pathways from hypothalamus->brainstem->spinal cord

20
Q

What are the symptoms of Horner’s Sydnrome?

A

Ptosis- eyelid drooping bc Superior tarsal muscle is de-innervated

Anhydrosis- lack of sweat on affected side of face due to de-innervation

Meiosis- persistently constricted pupil b/c innervation of dilator muscle of pupil

Flushing/Warm face on affected side due to de-innervation of capillary sphincters in skin of face

21
Q

Explain route of SNS innervation to thoracic viscera

A

Pre-ganglion axon synapses in paravertebral ganglion or ascends
->
Post-ganglionic sympathetic axon exits ganglion as cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerve
->
Joins cardiopulmonary plexus
->
Reach targets by following branches of bronchi or coronary arteries

22
Q

Explain SNS pathways to Abdomen and Pelvis

A

SNS nerve pass through paravertebral ganglia WITHOUT synapsing

Exit as splanchnic nerves

Reach post-ganglionic neurons in prevertebral ganglia

23
Q

Splanchnics in the thorax bundle together as __________________

A

Thoracic splanchnic nerves

24
Q

Where is greater splanchnic?

A

T5-9 spine/Paravertebral ganglia

25
Q

Where is lesser splanchnic?

A

T10-11 spine/paravertebral ganglia

26
Q

Where is least splanchnic?

A

T12 spine/paravertebral ganglion

27
Q

For lumbar region of abdomen, individual lumbar splanchnic nerves leave the paravertebral ganglia as _____________

A

Separate nerves, they do NOT bundle together

28
Q

Where are the two places that PNS pre-ganglionic cell bodies can be found?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei
Sacral spinal cord

29
Q

In the head, how will PNS pre-ganglionic nerves travel?

A

Originate from cranial nerve nuclei
->
Synapse in peripheral ganglia
->
Send post-ganglionic axons to follow trigeminal nerve branches
->
reach targets

30
Q

PNS
Edinger-Wesphal nucleus

Travels where?

A

CN 3
->
Iris (constricts)
Ciliary body (acccommodate)

31
Q

PNS
Superior salivatory nucleus

Travels where?

A

CN7
->
Lacrimal gland (cry)
Sublingual & submandibular glands (saliva)

32
Q

PNS
Inferior salivatory nucleus

Travels where?

A

CN 9
->
Parotid gland (saliva)

33
Q

PNS
Dorsal motor nucleus of X

Travels where?

A

CN 10
->
Thoracic & Abdominal viscera (lots)

34
Q

Damage to the greater petrosal nerve or subsequent branches will cause what?

A

Dry eye

Due to loss of PNS innervation of parotid

35
Q

Damage to lesser petrosal nerve can result in what?

A

Dry mouth

Parotid on affected side would lose PNS input

36
Q

Explain pathway of PNS of Vagus nerve to Thorax

A

Pre-ganglionic PNS axon descend in CN10
->
Axons to heart join the cardiopulmonary plexus
->
Axons synapse with post-ganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies in the wall of the heart and bronchi
->
Very short post-ganglionic axons extend to nearby myocardium, smooth muscle or glands

37
Q

Pre-ganglionic PNS to thoracic organs orginate from __________

A

Dorsal vagal motor nuclei

38
Q

Explain PNS pathway of vagus nerve to abdomen

A

Pre-ganglionic PNS axons enter thorax on a side of esophagus as the anterior and posterior vagal trunks

39
Q

Visceral non-pain stimuli (reflex)

How does it travel to CNS?

A

Follows PNS nerves backwards to reach CNS

40
Q

What is the control center for heartbeat and respiration? What is it right next to?

A

Cardiorespiratory center

(right next to dorsal vagal motor nucleus)

41
Q

Solitary nucleus aka

A

Cardiorespiratory center

42
Q

Once visceral afferent axons reach the spinal cord, where does it go?

A

Synapse with 2nd order neurons and ascend in anterolateral system

(Some collateral axons synapse on nearby 2nd order somatic afferent cells)

43
Q

Referred pain is what?

A

Visceral afferent and somatic afferent nerves will cross together which could cause confusion in where pain is truly coming from

Ex: People having a heart attack will have arm pain, even though the problem is not the arm

44
Q
A

Anatomy- Thorax (7 decks)

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