ANS

Question 1

What is ANS?

Answer 1

Efferent motor parasympathetic nerve.

Question 2

The difference between ANS and SNS in nerve suppling

Answer 2

ANS: Supply variety of structures
SNS: skeletal muscles only

Question 3

Ans and SNS control of function

Answer 3

ANS: Involuntary
SNS: Voluntary

Question 4

ANS and SNS to effector organ

Answer 4

ANS: relay in
autonomic ganglia
before supplying
the effector organ
SNS: go directly to
effector organ

Question 5

Myelination of ANS

Answer 5

preganglionic: myelinated
postganglionic: de myelinated

Question 6

what is ganglia?

Answer 6

An aggregation of cell bodies located in
the peripheral NS

Question 7

what is synapse?

Answer 7

Is the junction between neurons

Question 8

Parasympathetic origin

Answer 8

Cranio
Sacral

Question 9

Sympathetic origin

Answer 9

Thoraco
Lumber

Question 10

shape of preganglionic nerve in parasym

Answer 10

Long pre
ganglionic nerve

Question 11

shape of postganglionic nerve in parasym

Answer 11

Short post
ganglionic

Question 12

shape of postganglionic nerve in sympthatic

Answer 12

Long post
ganglionic
nerve

Question 13

shape of preganglionic nerve in sympthatic

Answer 13

Long pre
ganglionic nerve

Question 14

the distribution of symthatic

Answer 14

wide

Question 15

the distribution of parasymthatic

Answer 15

limited

Question 16

location of ganglia in sympthatic

Answer 16

close to spinalcord

Question 17

location of ganglia in presympthatic

Answer 17

within or near effector organ

Question 18

preganglionic branching in sympathatic

Answer 18

extensive

Question 19

preganglionic branching in presympathatic

Answer 19

minimal

Question 20

Role of the CNS in the control of ANS

Answer 20

Afferent neurons integrates information
from periphery to regulatory centers in
the CNS.

Question 21

Local Mediators

Answer 21

They are secreted locally to produce
immediate response and then destroyed.
▪
E.g. histamine & prostaglandins

Question 22

sympathetic innervation that doesn’t have postganglionic nerve and explain it

Answer 22

the sympathetic innervation to adrenal medulla

Question 23

Explain why the adrenal medulla is considered unique in terms of its sympathetic innervation.

Answer 23

The adrenal medulla is directly innervated by preganglionic neurons, bypassing postganglionic neurons, and releases hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) directly into the bloodstream.

Question 24

How does the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla differ from neurotransmitter release at typical sympathetic synapses?

Answer 24

Instead of being released at a synapse, catecholamines are released into the bloodstream, producing a systemic effect.

Question 25

Why is the response of the adrenal medulla considered to be systemic rather than localized?

Answer 25

The hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are released into the bloodstream, allowing them to affect multiple organs throughout the body.

Question 26

What would be the physiological consequences if the adrenal medulla failed to release epinephrine during a stress response?

Answer 26

The body's fight-or-flight response would be less intense and less widespread, slowing down reactions to stress.

Question 27

How does the lack of a postganglionic neuron in the adrenal medulla affect the speed and scope of the sympathetic response?

Answer 27

It allows for faster and broader activation, as hormones are rapidly released into the bloodstream.

Question 28

What triggers the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, and how does this process enhance the sympathetic nervous system’s actions?

Answer 28

Acetylcholine from preganglionic neurons triggers release, amplifying the body's ability to respond to stress by affecting multiple organs.

Question 29

What neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 29

Acetylcholine

Question 30

What are the two main types of receptors involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 30

Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors.

Question 31

Where are muscarinic receptors found in the body?

Answer 31

On target organs such as the heart, smooth muscle, glands, and the gastrointestinal system.

Question 32

What is the function of M2 muscarinic receptors in the heart?

Answer 32

They slow the heart rate.

Question 33

What effect do M3 muscarinic receptors have on smooth muscles and glands?

Answer 33

They cause smooth muscle contraction (e.g., bronchoconstriction) and increase glandular secretion.

Question 34

Where are nicotinic receptors (Nn) found in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 34

At the synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Question 35

What triggers the activation of nicotinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 35

The release of acetylcholine from preganglionic neurons.

Question 36

Nicotinic Receptors (Nn, Nm) Location

Answer 36

Found at synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons (Nn) and at the neuromuscular junction (Nm).

Question 37

Justify there are no ACH drugs at Market

Answer 37

Because they are non selective and have short duration acting

Question 38

Justify ACH have short duration acting

Answer 38

As it degradats by true cholinesterase found in CNS and muscles also with puesdocholenestrase found in plasma and liver

Question 39

Parasymphathomemetics works by two actions

Answer 39

Direct and indirect action

Question 40

What is the difference between direct and indirect acting of parasympathomemitics

Answer 40

Direct: works on the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors directly Indirect : are cholinesterase inhibitors, accumulates ACH

Question 41

M1 second messenger / what does it increases

Answer 41

Gq / Ca++

Question 42

What is M2 second messenger and what does it decrease?

Answer 42

Gi ,decrease cAMP