ANS

Question 0

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate from?

Answer 0

Craniosacral region

Question 1

Which division has a longer pre-ganglionic neurone and shorter post-ganglionic neurone?

Answer 1

Parasympathetic

Question 2

Where does the sympathetic originate from?

Answer 2

Thoracolumbar region

T1-L2/3

Question 3

What do preganglionic neurones of both divisions release?

Answer 3

Acetylcholine

Question 4

What receptors are found on the post-ganglionic neurones?

Answer 4

Nicotinic Ach receptors

Question 5

What neurotransmitter is normally found in postganglionic sympathetic neurones?

Answer 5

Noradrenaline

Question 6

What transmitter is used in postganglionic parasympathetic neurones?

Answer 6

Ach

Question 7

What is the exception to noradrenergic sympathetic neurones?

Answer 7

Sweat glands - which are muscarinic

Question 8

What receptors are found on parasympathetic effector cells?

Answer 8

Muscarinic

Question 9

What nerve supplies the parasympathetic input to the heart?

Answer 9

Vagus (10th cranial nerve)

Question 10

What receptors does Ach in the parasympathetic act on in the heart?

Answer 10

M2

Question 11

Term for decreased heart rate?

Answer 11

Negative chronotropic effect

Question 12

What effect does the parasympathetic have on the heart?

Answer 12

Negative chronotropic effect
Decreased AV node conduction velocity
Decreases sloe of pacemaker potential by decreasing cAMP

Question 13

Which receptors does the sympathetic act on in the heart?

Answer 13

β1 adrenoreceptors

Question 14

What effect does the sympathetic have on the heart?

Answer 14

Positive chronotropic effect
Increased inotropic effect
Increases cAMP to speed up pacemaker potential

Question 15

How does NA increase inotropy?

Answer 15

Acts on β1 receptors to increase cAMP
Causes phosphorylation of L-type calcium channels so increased Ca entry during action potential
Increased Ca uptake in SR
Increased sensitivity of contractile machinery to Ca
Increased force of contraction

Question 16

Which vessels do not receive sympathetic innervation?

Answer 16

Erectile

Question 17

What type of innervation do most vessels receive?

Answer 17

Sympathetic

Question 18

What receptors are in most arteries and veins?

Answer 18

α1 adrenoreceptors

Question 19

What receptors are found on coronary, liver and skeletal muscle vessels?

Answer 19

α1 and β2

Question 20

What is the effect of decreased sympathetic output on vessels?

Answer 20

Vasodilation

Question 21

What receptor (out of the two on blood vessels) does adrenaline have the highest affinity for?

Answer 21

β2

Question 22

What is the effect of activating β2?

Answer 22

Increases cAMP
Opens potassium channels
Relaxation of smooth muscle
Vasodilation

Question 23

What is the effect of activating α1?

Answer 23

Increased calcium in cells
Contraction of smooth muscle
Vasoconstriction

Question 24

What is the effect of a low circulating conc of adrenaline?

Answer 24

Vasodilation because it has a higher affinity for β2

Question 25

What is the effect of a high conc of adrenaline?

Answer 25

Vasoconstriction

Question 26

What is the effect of metabolites?

Answer 26

Vasodilation

Question 27

Name some metabolites

Answer 27

Adenosine, K+, H+, carbon dioxide

Question 28

What type of receptors give information about high pressure and low pressure?

Answer 28

High pressure - baroreceptors | Low pressure - atrial receptors

Question 29

Where are baroreceptors found?

Answer 29

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

Question 30

Synpathetic receptor in airways and effect?

Answer 30

Beta 2 | Relax

Question 31

Parasympathetic receptor in airways? Effect?

Answer 31

M3 | Contract

Question 32

Sympathetic receptor in pupil and effect?

Answer 32

Dilation | Alpha 1

Question 33

Para receptor in pupil? Effect?

Answer 33

M3 | Contraction

Question 34

Sympathetic receptors in sweat glands? Effect?

Answer 34

α1 - localised secretion | M3 - generalised secretion

Question 35

Effect of β adrenoreceptors?

Answer 35

Stimulate adenylyl cyclase causing glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Question 36

Effect of M3-muscarinic receptors?

Answer 36

Stimulate phospholipase C | Smooth muscle contraction

Question 37

Effect of M2 muscarinic receptors?

Answer 37

Inhibit adenylyl cyclase and stimulate potassium channels | Slows cardiac pacemaker

Question 38

Effect of rhodopsin?

Answer 38

Stimulates cGMP and phosphodiesterase | Visual excitation

Question 39

Where are α adrenoreceptors found and effects?

Answer 39

``` Arterioles- vasoconstriction Sweat glands - localised secretion Pancreas - increased secretion Salivary glands - viscous secretion Adipose tissue - increased lipolysis ```

Question 40

Where are β adrenoreceptors found and their effects?

Answer 40

SA node - increases heart rate Atria and ventricles - increases contractility AV and Purkinje - increases conduction velocity Arterioles of coronary and skeletal muscle - vasodilatation Bronchial muscles - dilation Adipose tissue - lipolysis