ANS and Diencephalon Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
what are the 4 structures that make up the dienchepalon
A
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamic nuclei
2
Q
where is the diencephalon located
A
superior to the brainstem
3
Q
what is the thalamus a collection of
A
nuclei
4
Q
what are the 3 functional groupings of the thalamus
A
- relay nuclei
- association nuclei
- non-specific nuclei
5
Q
VA (ventral anterior)
A
motor relay
6
Q
VL (ventral lateral)
A
motor relay
7
Q
VPL (ventral posterior lateral)
A
sensory relay
8
Q
VPM (ventral posteromedial)
A
sensory relay
9
Q
MGen (medial geniculate)
A
auditory relay
10
Q
LG (lateral geniculate)
A
vision relay
11
Q
AN, LD, M
A
declarative memory
12
Q
MGrp
A
emotion
13
Q
I, R
A
consciousness, arousal, and attention
14
Q
excruciating pain that is unresponsive to naroctics and any sort of treatment
A
thalamic pain syndrome
15
Q
interrupts the vestibular nuclei resulting in lateropulsion (ex: leaning toward the impaired side when having a stroke)
A
posterior thalamus lesion
16
Q
what is the essential function of the hypothalamus
A
maintaining homeostasis
17
Q
what are the other 2 general functions of the hypothalamus
A
- endocrine functions (temp regulation, regulation of growth and metabolism, reproduction, regulation of circadian rhythms, emotion and behavior, defense behaviors)
- activates the sympathetic nervous system
18
Q
where does the hypothalamus regulate hormone secretions from _____ and controls what
A
- pituitary gland
- metabolism, reproduction, stress reflex, urine production
19
Q
where does the pituitary gland lie
A
below optic chiasm, internal carotid arteries and optic N on each side
20
Q
what does the pituitary gland control
A
adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries/testes
21
Q
what hormones does the anterior pituitary produce and regulate
A
- growth hormone (GH)
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- gonadotropins (FSH, LH)
22
Q
regulation of height, glucose synthesis in the liver
A
growth hormone (GH)
23
Q
increased released of thyroid hormones (T3&$) and influences growth, temperature regulation, and metabolic rate
A
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
24
Q
stimulates release of glucocoritcoids to increase the release of glucose
A
adrenocorticotropic hormones
25
sexual reproduction hormones
gonadotropins (FSH, LH)
26
what hormones are stored and excreted in the posterior pituitary
- antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
- oxytocin
27
increases kidney reabsorption of water in kidneys to maintain body hydration and is involved in BP regulation
antidiuretic hormone - vasopressin
28
stimulates smooth muscle in uterus causing labor and delivery in childbirth and ejects milk from breasts
oxytocin
29
symptoms of pituitary lesions
HA, nausea, vomiting, irregularities in menstrual cycle, lactation and sexual dysfunction, irregularities in BP
30
what types of diseases can develop from pituitary dysfunction and how do they present
- acromegaly: large head, hands and feet (may be tall or tall and large)
- Cushing's disease - due to excessive ATCH-cortisol (large face)
- Bitemporal hemianopsia: tunnel vision
31
what organ does the epithalamus influence the function of
pineal gland
32
endocrine gland innervated by the sympathetic nervous system
pineal gland
33
what functions does the epithalamus regulate
- circadian rhythms
- secretions of pituitary gland, parthyroids, islets of langerhans in pancreas
34
part of the basal ganglia and involved in stimulating GABA (inhibitory process)
subthalamus
35
involuntary system and communicates between CNS and PNS
autonomic nervous system
36
stable internal environment associated with ANS
homeostasis
37
what type of receptors are utilized in ANS afferents
- mechanoreceptors
- chemorecptors
- thermoreceptors
- nociceptors
38
pressure and stretch and where are they located
mechanoreceptors
- lungs, aorta, carotid sinuses, veins, bladder, intestines
39
O2, CO2, glucose levels and other chemicals and where are they located
chemoreceptors
- aorta, carotid, medulla, hypothalamus, stomach, taste buds, olfactory bulbs
40
stretch and ischemia and where are they located
nociceptors
- walls of arteries and viscera
41
temperature and where are they located
thermoreceptors
- very small changes in blood and skin, located in hypothalamus and skin
42
visceral receptors send information to the CNS for processing via what 2 routes
- to spinal cord via DRG to lamina V, VI
- to brainstem (pons and medulla) via CN IX, X
43
where is visceral information processed and integrated after afferents sent signals
- reticular formation
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- limbic system
44
what the is the master controller of homeostasis
hypothalamus
45
what does the brainstem regulate
HR, respiration, vasoconstriction and vasodilation via vagus N
46
maintains internal equilibrium via pituitary gland, brainstem and spinal cord and influences cariorespiratory, digestive, metabolic and water reabsorption function
hypothalamus
47
projects visceral information to the limbic system
thalamus
48
connects autonomic responses to emotions and mood
limbic system
49
what are the 2 neuron pathways used to send unconscious/semiconscious regulation to target effector organs for wither sympathetic or parasympathetic responses
- preganglionic: from CNS to ganglion
- post-ganglionic: from ganglion to effector organ/gland
50
internal organs are ______, so they can continue to function without nervous system input for a brief period of time
self-regulating
51
____ neurons secrete acetylcholine
cholinergic
52
where is Ach needed in ANS
- ALL preganglionic neurons
- ALL postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic system
- FEW postganglionic sympathetic neurons (sweat glands and skeletal muscle blood vessels)
53
____ neurons secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine
adrenergic
54
where is norepinephrine and epinephrine needed in ANS
MOST postganglionic sympathetic neurons are released from andrenal gland into the blood
55
where are cell bodies for the sympathetic nervous system located
lateral horn T1-L2/3
56
what does the sympathetic nervous system innervate
adrenal gland, blood vessels, sweat glands, piloreceptors or hair cells, viscera
57
preganglionic efferents of sympathetic nervous system flow
spinal cord --> ventral root --> paraventral ganglia (via white ramus - myelinated)
58
synapsing on cell bodies in paraventral ganglia alongside vertebral column forming sympathetic trunks (sympathetic chain ganglion)
preganglionic efferents
59
postganglionic axons travel within peripheral nerve to target effector organ via gray ramus (unmyelinated)
postganglionic efferents
60
ascend paravertebrals to innervated arteries of the face, dilate pupils, elevate upper eyelid, and heart/lungs
stellate ganglia or cerviothoracic ganglion from thoracic preganglionic axons
61
descend from paravertebrals to innervate vessels of lumbosacral trunk and lower limbs
upper lumbar preganglionic axons
62
exit at the same level via splanchnic nerves to synapse at ganglia and innervate abdominal and pelvic viscera
superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia
63
where are ganglia located in the parasympathetic nervous system
close to the target organ
64
preganglionic cell bodies in the brainstem of parasympathetic are associated with and have postganglionic cells where
- associated with CN 3, 7, 9, 10
- postganglionic - eye, salivary glands and viscera
65
preganglionic cell bodies in the spinal cord lateral area of ____ in the parsympathetic system and have postganglionic cells where
- S2-4
- postganglionic: pelvic organs, bladder, colon, external genitalia
66
does the parasympathetic nervous system have innervation to the lower limbs or body wall
no
67
fight or flight responses, maintains blood flow to organs, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles, increased glucose, dilates bronchioles, increased BP and HR, decreases digestion, sweating to regulate temp, dilates pupils, norepinephrine
sympathetic
68
conservation and storage, slows down HR and contraction force, constricts bronchioles, increased mucous, increases peristalsis and glandular secretions, constricts pupils, increases tearing of eyes, regulates emptying of bowel and bladder, sexual stimulation, aceytlcholine
parasympathetic
69
the brainstem mediates HR via
vagus nerve
70
parasympathetic innervation to the heart
- vagus N directly innervate postganglionic neurons at the base of the atria in SA and AV nodes
- decreased HR
71
sympathetic innervation to the heart
- via preganglionic neurons at T1-T5 that connect to postganglionic cell bodies in 3 cervical and 5 thoracic ganglia
- distribute postganglionic nerves via superior, middle, and inferior cardiac nerves to coronary arteries, atria/ventricles and SA/AV nodes
- increase HR
72
controls BP
baroceptor reflex
73
maintain fluid balance in body
renal reflexes
74
controls bladder
micturition reflex
75
controls bowel
defecation reflex
76
controls sexual function
erection reflex/orgasmic reflexes
77
where are baroreceptors found and how so they send signals (process)
- carotid sinus and aortic arch
- BP increased artery walls stretched (pressure stimulus) --> barorecptors send action potentials --> medulla and reticular formation
78
what is the most common cardiovascular system problem and what can it contribute to
hypertension
- CAD, CVA, kidney failure
79
what contributes to HTN
increased sympathetic outflow
80
what two factors is normal BP dependent on
- cardiac output
- vascular resistance
81
what attempt to block sympathetic regulation of BP
beta blockers (beta adrenergics)
82
a barorecetpor reflex impairment that causes dizziness, lightheadedness and/or fainting
postural hypotension
83
what causes postural hypotension and what are some examples
- insufficient perfusion to brain
- prolonged bed rest, impaired blood volume, pooling of blood in LE
84
how to rest for orthostatic BP
- in supine, sitting and standing 2 minutes apart
- look for drop of 30 mmHg in systolic or 15mmHg drop in diastolic in each position
85
a learned function that requires coordination between somatic system and ANS
micturation (urination)
86
what is urination controlled by
cerebral cortex and pon
87
spontaneously void with coughing, laughing, or jumping due to poor muscular control (micturition reflex still intact)
stress incontinence
88
person is unable to voluntarily delay voiding to due injury in hypothalamus or pons
urge incontinence
89
doesn't desire to control bladder which may be caused by prefrontal lobe injury
behavioral incontinence
90
damage to spinal cord above sacral level (loss of micturition reflex); initially no control but ~2 weeks may have return of some control and requires bladder program
neurological incontinence
91
loss of vascular control, temperature regulation and sweating
peripheral N severed
92
injury to stellate ganglion produces drooping upper eyelid, constriction of pupil, and absence of ipsilateral face and neck persperation
horner's syndrome
93
occurs with spinal cord injury; disrupts ascending and descending signals and may also lose bowel, bladder and genital functions
autonomic dyreflexia
94
interferes with regulation of heart, BP respiration, tears, pupillary constriction
brainstem
95
inadequate blood flow to the brain leading to fainting
syncope
