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Neuroscience and mental health > ANS and physiology > Flashcards

ANS and physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

role of the ANS

A

maintain homeostasis and natural physiology

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2
Q

describe the parasympathetic ns

A 
innervates facial and visceral organs eg
constricts pupils 
stimulates saliva flow 
bile release
contraction of bladder
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3
Q

describe the sympathetic ns

A

dilates pupils
inhibit saliva
relax bronchioles
inhibit bladder contraction

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4
Q

what determines the state of the organ

A

how the pns and sns work in consort and how they level out

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5
Q

describe fight/flight responses

A

dilate pupils - more light enter, see more
increase heart rate - more o2 supply
increase diameter of bronchioles - more o2
stimulate glucose release - feed the muscles
increase sweat - dont over heat

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6
Q

when does the fight/flight response occur

A

only under stress

sympathertic and parasympathetic work all of the time

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7
Q

where does the SNS come from

A

emanates from the spinal cord
thoracic spinal cord to l3
exit where synapse in the sympathetic chain /sympathetic vertebral ganglia

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8
Q

what is the sympathetic vertebral ganglia

A

cell body of the post ganglionic fibres reside

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9
Q

where does the PNS come from

A

cranial and sacral
cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10
scaral 2 - 4

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10
Q

what is the major part of the PNS and where does it innervate

A

vagus nerve

lung, heart, GI

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11
Q

what is the cranial nerve 3

A

ocularmotor - pupil constriction

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12
Q

what is cranial nerve 7

A

facial nerve - salvation

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13
Q

what is the cranial nerve 9

A

glossopharyngeal - salvation

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14
Q

what is the cranial nerve 10

A

vagus - bradycardia, gastric motility, digestion

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15
Q

describe the anatomy of the sympathetic ns

A

fibre out of the brain, presympathetic/preautonomic neurones
synapse into cell on spinal cord out of the spinal cord, into sympathetic ganglia, synapse in the sympathetic chain

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16
Q

describe the anatomy of the pns

A

no ganglia out of the target organ
go from brainstem to ganglia in target organ anad synapse there
post ganglionic neurons are in the target organs

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17
Q

why is it important to know there is a different nt for each stage

A

governs the pharmacology

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18
Q

what type of connection is there in the PNS

A

monosynaptic connection

because only the 1 synapse which is in the organ

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19
Q

what nt is used in the pns

A

ACh

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20
Q

what happens when the vagus nerve innervates the heart

A

ACh is released

heart rate slowed - bradycardia

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21
Q

describe the different NT in the SNS

A

presympathetic down the spinal cord - glutamate, excitatory
preganglionic - ACh in ganglia
postganglionic - \NA at the heart, kidneys, bv
at sweat glands - ACH
renel vessel - dopamine (DA)
adrenal medulla - nerves don’t go through sympathetic ganglia - ACh released in the medulla, release adrenaline and NA into blood - target organs by hormonal response

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22
Q

describe the pathway of the somatic nerves

A

travel down spinal cord
NT is glutamate in the spinal cord
synapse directly onto the target organs - ACh

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23
Q

problem with ACh in somatic and autonomic

A

when we try to target autonomic - can block somatic as well

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24
Q

NA biosynthesis

A 
L-phenylalanine 
L-tyrosine 
L-DOPA 
dopamine 
noradrenaline

phenylalanine - dopamine in cytoplasm
dopamine to NA in vesicles in presynaptic terminal just before release

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25
ACh biosynthesis
from acteate and choline catalysed by choline acetyltransferase reversed by acetycholine esterase
26
what causes alzeimers
reduction in ACh in certain pathways in brain
27
what reduces effect of alzheiimers
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors increase ACh in synapse - less degredation delay the time taken to be broken down
28
what do people with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors suffer from and why
dry mouth | targets all ACh pathways
29
pathway of sympathetic neurons
neurons in brain control output flow of the SNS presympathetic down spinal cord between T1 and L3 hump in lateral edge of the spinal cord - intermediolateral cell column all sympathetic neurons emanate from ventral rootdiverted through the sympathetic ganglion out of the spinal cord synapse onto post ganglionic neuron
30
baraoreceptors
mechanoreceptor | respond to changing distension and mechanical manipulation
31
where are the baroreceptors
aortic arch and carotid
32
which nerve do the aortic receptors use
vagus
33
which nerve do the carotid receptors use
glossopharyngeal
34
action of Baroreceptors
transmit beat to beat pressure info to the brain increae in bp reaches threshold that activates the receptors drives PNS inhibit SNS reduce Bp (reduce CO and TPR)
35
describe the effect of standing up
``` big stress on the cardio system blood drops to the legs drop in pressure inhibit barareceptors increase heart rate and TPR drive blood to brain ```
36
describe the barareflex
bp is at a set point brain keeps it at this level sensitive system - when small increase in pressure - increases baroreceptor firing
37
barareflex when hypertensive
curve shifts to R set pount increase brain still aims to keep it at this level
38
why does brain create new set point
impaired cerebral blood flow - congenital abnormality | brain attempts to maintain cerebral flpw by increasing the Bp
39
what innervates the GI
vagus nerve
40
what is the cephalic response
site, smell and taste of food cause release of stomach acid - prime GI tract for it impulse goes to hypothalmus to brain stem/spinal cord and regulates function bump in insulin time graph = cephalic response in diabetics - there is a loss of the cephalic release of insulin
41
what is the peak on the insulin-time graph
glucose mediated response
42
what do mechanoreceptors detect in the GI tract
distension of the stomach wall / content in the duodenum
43
what happens when you eat
signal to brain stem increased firing if mechanoreceptors bloated satietry hormones are released - chemoreceptors on the vagus nerve
44
what happens to the effect of satiety hormones in obvese people
dampened - need a larger signal to show they're full
45
how is the vagus nerve plastic
changes the presentation fo the receptors if hungry don't express the receptors obese - fewer receptors - less ability to respond to hormones - less full
46
what are the respiratory receptors
pontine respiratory centre central respiratory centre medullaty respiratory centre - made of ventral and dorsal group (Nucleus tractus solitarius all communicayte - overall response
47
what does the pontine centre do
cooordinate rate and pattern of breathing | syncronicity
48
what does the ventral group do
coordinates rhythmicity
49
what does the dorsal group do
control of diaphragm and inspiration | physically initiate inspiriation by sending outpiuts to diaphragm and intercostal muscles
50
what do the chemoreceptors in the heart detect
decrease in O2, pH and increase in CO2
51
what do central receptors on the surface of the brainstem detect
low ph high co2
52
effect of chemoreceptors on respiration
increase
53
describe the NTS
the central and peripheral chemorespetors send signals there via vagus nerve gives a lot of outputs
54
describe the lung mechanoreceptors
``` Hering-Breuer reflex protective stop over inflation reduce respiration inhibit output from the dorsal root ```
55
how do you know chemoreceptors are powerful
canbt hold breath long
56
which spinal levels control which repiratory features
information passes down the spinal cord C1 - 3 accessory muscles c3- 5 diaphragm - down phrenic nerve - high so if lesion lower you can survive T1-11 - intercostal muscles - move ribcage up T6 - L1 abdominal muscles
57
what contols each part of the bladder
PNS (s2-4) - detrusor muscle- around outside SNS (T10-12) internal sphincter voluntary motor nerves S2 S4 external sphincter
58
what do the afferent mechanoreceptors do in the bladder
s2-4 tell brain how full the bladder is - info on distension if the bladder wall activate PNS - contract muscle activate SNS - contract sphincter
59
describe the centrak regulation of the autonomic nervous system
info goes to the NTS input CN 10 output CN 9 if haemorrhage in this area - deadd because you have lost these nerves input goes to hypertahlamus - integrates it th ssends signals to dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
60
how can you no the paths of nerves
put tracers in
61
describe the sympathetic receptors
``` adrenoreceptors alpha and beta a1 - a b d a2 a b c b1 b2 ```
62
describe the parasympathetic receptors
nicotinic | muscarinic
63
describe ianotrophic channels
``` bind ligand conformational change influx of ions change in potential on off ```
64
describe G protein coupled receptor
ligand bind to external terminal in extracellular space activate downstream pathways effects last for hours
65
what does a post synaptic recetor respond to
NT from pre
66
what does a presynaptic receptor biund to
same NT in vesicles - regulatory stop more entering the cleft autoreceptor
67
describe cholinergic receptors in the PNS
at 1st synapse - nicotinic ACh | at muscle - muscarinic receptor
68
describe cholinergic receptors in SNS
all ganglionic - nicotinic - ACh sweat gland muscarinic adrenal nicotinic
69
describe atropine
competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist gigve dry mouth change heart rate
70
describe tubocurarine
nicotinic receptor antagonist | which also works at NMJ - cause paralysis so rarely used
71
atropine effect on heat rate
increase | block PNS receptor
72
atropine effect on sweat
decrease
73
tubocurarine effect on respiration
decrease involved in NMJ cause respiratory arrest
74
tubocurarine effect on heart rate
increase remove autonomic control of the heart use intrinsic heart rate
75
effect of ACh at nicotinic receptors
allow influx of non-specific ions | make AP
76
what type of receptor are muscarinic receptors
GPCRs | stimulated by all postganglionic PNS neurons and SNS at selected sites
77
describe the adrenergic receptors
a1 on effector organs - sm contraction, bv, ureter, bronchioles a2 presynaptic - prevent release of more NT B1 - exclusively heart - activation increases Bp and HR B2 - on effector orgam relax sm, contract sphincters in GI tract
78
describe medetomidine
a2 receptor agonist - reduce NA | used as anesthetic on animals
79
atenolol
B1 receptor antagonist decrease heartrate Block SNS given to people with angina, acute Mi and arrhythmia
80
salbutamol
B2 receptor agonist - relax sm
81
doxazosin
a1 receptor antagonist | antihypertensive
82
what drug give to someone with an asthma attack
salbutamol relax sm sympathomimetic
83
describe shy-Drager syndrome/multiple system atrophy
synucleopathy - disorder of alpha synucleon - protein accululate in brain and kills cells (along with parkinsons and lewy body dementia) loss of cell in intermediolateral cell column - loss of SNS and striatonigrial brain areas ortostatic hypotension impotence hypohidrosis - don't sweat dry mouth urinary retention incontinence 1:100000 - but 13% people with parkinsons have it so maybe underdiagnosed
84
primary hypertension
body ddefend high bp exaggerated SNS activity to bv and renal bed leads to increased circulating vol and vascular tone
85
tpr=
determined by vascular diameter/vascular tone
86
heart failure
inability to sufficiently pump to meet demand | increased symnpathetic actiuviuty to renal bed - hypervolaemia - less excreted, increase strain on cardiac tissue
87
parkinsons
orthostatic hypotension constipation NTS - 1st place where cells die - where v nerve synapses travels to regions in forebrain bacteria/virus or metabolite travel in v nerve might be ANS that's causing it if stomach ulcer severed - less likely to get PD

Neuroscience and mental health (14 decks)

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