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ANS & NMJ Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What NTs are used in the ANS

A

ACh and noradrenaline

ACh => cholinergic neurotransmission

NA => noradrenergic neurotransmission

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2
Q

What NT is used at the neuromuscular junction

A

ACh

=> cholinergic neurotransmission

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3
Q

What does cholinergic neurotransmission at the NMJ permit

A

Voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

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4
Q

Breakdown of nervous system

A
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5
Q

In the ANS, name the NTs used

A

PS & S neurons use cholinergic and noradrenergic NT to produce their effects

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6
Q

Function of the ANS

A

Conveys all the outputs from the CNS to the rest of the body (except for the somatic motor innervation of the skeletal muscle)

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7
Q

Name the main processes regulated by the ANS

A

Heartbeat

Contraction and relaxation of SM

Hormonal (endocrine) and glandular (exocrine) secretions

Energy metabolism

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8
Q

Where are the ganglia located in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Alongside the vertebrae - PARAVERTEBRAL SYMPATHETIC CHAIN

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9
Q

Where are the ganglia located in the PS nervous system

A

Ganglia are located adjacent to or within the target

Longer pre-ganglionic fibres

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10
Q

What structures in the body only have a sympathetic innervation

A

BVs

Adrenal medulla

Sweat glands

Kidney

Liver

Spleen

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11
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Fight or flight

Prepares body for activity

Operates under normal conditions to maintain homeostatic tone

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12
Q

PNS

A

Rest and digest

Acts to conserve energy

Operates under normal condition to maintain homeostatic tone

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13
Q

Overview of physiology of ANS

A
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14
Q

Within the sympathetic nervous system, differentiate between the NTs released in preganglionic vs postganglionic neurons

What is the exception to this rule

A

Preganglionic - cholinergic (ACh)

Postganglionic - noradrenergic (NA)

EXCEPT for sympathetic innervation of sweat glands - the postganglionic neuron uses ACh

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15
Q

Differentiate between adrenaline and NA

A

NA is a precursor of adrenaline

Noradrenaline is a NT that is delivered from the nerve terminal

Adrenaline is delivered by blood

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16
Q

Receptors of ACh in SNS

A

nicotinic receptors

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17
Q

Receptors of NA in SNS

A

alpha or beta adrenoceptors

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18
Q

Differentiate between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the PSNS

A

Preganglionic => cholinergic

Postganglionic => cholinergic

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19
Q

What receptors does ACh act via at:

  1. PS ganglia
  2. PS targets
A
  1. Nicotinic receptors
  2. Muscarinic receptors
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20
Q

Summary of ANS and NMJ

A
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21
Q

Main ways to enhance NT

A

Use agonists to mimic NT

Inhibit enzymes that metabolise NT

Inhibit transporters responsible for taking NT out of synapse

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22
Q

Main ways to reduce NT

A

Use antagonists to block NT

Inhibit enzymes that synthesise NT

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23
Q

Name the 2 types of ACh receptors

A

Nicotinic - nicotinic actions of ACh can be mimicked by nicotine

Muscarinic - muscarinic actions of ACh can be mimicked by muscarine (an extract from a poisonous mushroom)

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24
Q

Where is ACh more potent

A

At muscarinic receptors

i.e. larger doses are required to activate nicotinic receptors

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25
Name the 3 subtypes of nicotinic receptors
Muscle - skeletal Ganglion (ANS) CNS (brain)
26
Name the 5 subtypes of muscarinic receptors and where each is found
M1 - acid - gastric parietal cells M2 - heart - slows HR M3 - glandular/SM (contraction) M4 M5
27
What TYPE of receptors are all nicotinic ACh receptors
Ligand-gated ion channel receptors Therefore they mediate fast excitatory effects
28
Describe the permeability of nicotinic ACh receptors
They are permeable to Na+ and cause depolarisation of the post-synaptic cell
29
What does activation of the nicotinic ACh receptor (muscle type) lead to
Excitation of muscle cells
30
What does activation of the nicotinic ACh receptor (ganglion type) lead to
Excitation of post-ganglionic neuron
31
Activation of alpha/beta adrenoceptors results in...
HR and force increases Vascular SM contracts, BP increases Visceral SM relaxes Glandular secretions reduce
32
Activation of muscarinic receptors results in...
HR and force decreases Visceral SM contracts Glandular secretions increase
33
Describe the function of the muscle type of nicotinic receptor
Located at the synpase between the somatic motor neurons and the skeletal muscles (NMJ) Located at the muscle cells Mediates fast cholinergic contraction of the skeletal muscles
34
Function of the ganglion type of nicotinic receptor
Located at the synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the ANS Located on the post ganglionic neuron Mediates fast cholinergic NT between the pre and post ganglionic neuron
35
What type of receptors are all muscarinic ACh receptors
GPCRs hence mediate slow excitatory or inhibitory effects
36
What is the function of the CNS type of nicotinic receptor
Located at the synapse between neurons in the brain Mediates fast cholinergic NT in the brain
37
What do M1, M3 and M5 all have in common
Gq linked (excitatory e.g. SM, glands)
38
What do M2 and M4 all have in common
Gi linked (inhibitory e.g. heart)
39
How do GPCRs function
Affect cell function indirectly by coupling to a G protein G protein acts a go between linking the receptor and a target protein G protein interacts with the target protein causes an increase or decrease in the levels of 2nd messenger signal within the cell
40
Describe signal transduction by the M1, M3 and M5 subtypes
* These receptors are coupled to a G protein - Gq * Target for Gq = phospholipase C * Pohspholipase C is activated by interaction with the G protein * This causes release of the 2nd messengers IP3 and DAG * Excitatory effects on cell - e.g. slows heart
41
Describe the signal transduction by the M2 and M4 subtypes
* These receptors are coupled to a G protein - Gi * Target for Gi = adenylate cyclase * Adenylate cyclase is **_inhibited_** by interaction with G protein * This reduces the amount of 2nd messenger cAMP in the cell * THis has inhibitory effects on the cell (e.g. visceral SM contraction and glandular secretion)
42
Function of the M1 receptor
Located on gastric parietal cells Mediates slow excitatory effects i.e. stimulation of acid secretion
43
Function of M2 receptor
Located on heart Mediates slow inhibitory effects (slows both rate and force of cardiac contraction)
44
Function of M3 receptor
Located on glands and SM Mediates slow excitatory effects e.g. stimulation of glandular secretions and contraction of SM
45
Cholinergic receptor that mediates constriction of pupils
M3
46
Cholinergic receptor that mediates stimulation of saliva flow
M3
47
Cholinergic receptor that mediates a decrease in HR
48
Cholinergic receptor that mediates a constriction of bronchi
M3
49
Cholinergic receptor that mediates the stimulation of stomach peristalsis and secretion
M3
50
Cholinergic receptor that mediates an increase in gut motility
M3
51
Cholinergic receptor that mediates the contraction of the bladder
M3
52
What are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors
Alpha adrenoceptors - α1 and α2 beta adrenoceptors - β1, β2, β3
53
What is the distinction between alpha and beta based on
AGONIST POTENCIES α-adrenoceptors - noradrenaline → adrenaline → isoprenaline β-adrenoceptors - isoprenaline → adrenaline → noradrenaline
54
What type of receptors are adrenergic receptors
GPCRs
55
alpha 1 has what type of link as a GPCR
Gq
56
alpha 2 has what type of link as a GPCR
Gi
57
Beta 1, 2 and 3 have what type of link as a GPCR
Gs linked
58
Signal transduction by the alpha 1 subtype of adrenergic receptor
Like the M1, M3, M5 subtypes of muscarinic ACh receptors, this subtype is linked to **_Gq_**
59
Signal transduction by alpha 2 subtype of adrenergic receptor
Like the M2 and M4 subtypes of muscarinic ACh receptors, this subtype is also linked to Gi
60
Signal transduction by the beta 1, 2, and 3 subtypes of adrenergic receptor
* Coupled to a G protein - Gs * Like Gi, the target for Gs = adenylate cyclase * Adenylate cyclase is activated by interaction with the G protein * Increase in the amount of the 2nd messenger cAMP in the cell * This has excitatory OR inhibitory effects on the cell
61
α1 Location Physiological effect
1. vascular SM and liver 2. VasoC and glycogenolysis
62
α2 Location Physiological effect
1. Vascular SM and glands 2. VasoC and decreased glandular secretion
63
β1 Location Physiological effect
1. Heart 2. Increased cardiac rate and force
64
β2 Location Physiological effect
1. Bronchial SM, visceral SM, skeletal SM, liver 2. relaxation/dilation (bronchial SM) Relaxation of visceral SM Contraction/tremor of skeletal muscle glycogenolysis in liver
65
β3 Location Physiological effect
1. Adipose tissue 2. Lypolysis
66
What does salbutomol treat
Both premature birth and asthma
67
Adrenergic receptor subtype(s) that mediate these sympathetic effects
68
Steps in thinking about ANS and NMJ
e.g. Gastric ulcer Stomach Reduce secretion of acid to allow ulcer to heal The PS system stimulates acid secretion into stomach This system uses ACh at muscarinic receptors at its targets ANTAGONISTS will help Muscarinic antagonists are used to prevent ACh secretion in stomach

Pharmacology (23 decks)

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