Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharm > ANS Part 1 > Flashcards

ANS Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of stimulation on pupils?

A

sympathetic: dilate
parasympathetic: constrict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of stimulation on salivation?

A

sympathetic: decreases saliva production
parasympathetic: increases saliva production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of simulation on heart rate?

A

sympathetic: increase
parasympathetic: decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of simulation on contractility (strength of heart contraction)?

A

sympathetic: increase
parasympathetic: decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of simulation on the bronchi?

A

sympathetic: bronchiole dilation
parasympathetic: bronchiole constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of simulation on the GI tract?

A

sympathetic: decreases activity
parasympathetic: increases activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of simulation on the adrenal medulla?

A

sympathetic: increases epinephrine (and some norepinephrine) release
parasympathetic: N/A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of simulation on urination?

A

sympathetic: decreases urination (relaxes urinary bladder, constricts sphincter)
parasympathetic: increases urination (constricts urinary bladder, relaxes sphincter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of simulation on vasculature?

A

Sympathetic: general vascular tone. Increased sympathetic response leads to vasoconstriction.
Parasympathetic: N/A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which branch of the ANS innervates sweat glands?

A

SNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which branch of ANS innervates blood vessels?

A

SNS only, but muscarinic receptors are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What branch of ANS innervates ciliary muscle of the eye?

A

PNS only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What branch of the ANS innervates bronchial smooth muscle?

A

PNS only but B2 receptors are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

nerve impulses that are under voluntary control as well as reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List a few endogenous neurotransmitters of the ANS

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The endpoint of a nerve where it releases its neurotransmitter for cell to cell communication.

The recipient cell can be another nerve cell or of the target organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Steps in NT synthesis & release

A
  1. NT is synthesized in presynaptic nerve terminal
  2. NT is stored in vesicles
  3. AP arrives at nerve terminal, depolarizes the cell –> vesicular fusion & release of NT
  4. NT reversibly binds to receptor on postsynaptic cell (neuron, adrenal medulla, effector organ)
  5. NT dissociates from receptor and is removed from synaptic cleft
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Methods for NT removal from synaptic cleft

A

enzyme degradation, reabsorption, diffuses away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by the somatic nervous system? What receptor binds this neurotransmitter here?

A

Acetylcholine
Nicotinic (type 1) Receptor (Or Nm receptor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What neurotransmitter is released into the synapse at all autonomic ganglion? What receptor binds this neurotransmitter here?

A

Acetylcholine
Nicotinic (type 2) Receptor (Or Nn receptor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What neurotransmitter is released onto target organs from the parasympathetic nervous system? What receptor binds this neurotransmitter here?

A

Acetylcholine
Muscarinic (M) Receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What neurotransmitter is released onto target organs from the sympathetic nervous system? What receptors bind this neurotransmitter here?

A

Norepinephrine
Adrenergic Receptors (alpha1, alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by the adrenal medulla? Where does this neurotransmitter go?

A

Primarily epinephrine - 80% (some norepinephrine - 20%)
It goes into the vascular circulation (hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of receptor is located at the NMJ of the somatic NS?

A

Nm (N1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What type of receptor is located at all autonomic ganglion?
Nn (N2)
26
What receptor is at all PNS effector organs?
M receptors
27
What type of receptors are at all SNS effector organs?
alpha & beta
28
How is acetylcholine metabolized?
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
29
How are epinephrine and norepinephrine metabolized?
COMT (catechol-o-methyltransferase) and MAO (monoamine oxidase)
30
Where is Ach metabolized?
synaptic cleft
31
Where is Epi metabolized
liver, presynaptic terminal
32
Where is NE metabolized?
presynaptic terminal
33
How does the baroreceptor reflex respond to low blood pressure?
results in vasoconstriction & increased heart rate and/or contractility (increased cardiac output)
34
How does the baroreceptor reflex respond to high blood pressure?
results in vasodilation & decreased heart rate and/or contractility (decreased cardiac output)
35
How do drugs alter physiologic processes of the nervous system?
- alter axonal conduction (not common, local anesthetics) - impact synaptic transmission (increase or decrease it)
36
Is alpha 1 located pre or post synaptic
POST
37
Location of a1 receptors
- most vascular smooth muscle - arterioles in skin, viscera, mucous membranes, veins, sphincters, & bronchi - iris (radial muscle) - pilomotor smooth muscle - prostate, trigone of bladder, uterus - penis erectile tissue
38
List the main effects of alpha1 stimulation.
**vasoconstriction pupillary dilation bladder sphincter contraction uterine contraction **prostate contraction --> ejaculation
39
Is a2 located pre or post synaptically?
Pre and post
40
Where are a2 receptors located?
- platelets (postsynaptic) - adrenergic & cholinergic nerve terminals (pre) - vascular smooth muscle (pre & post) - GI tract (pre) - CNS (pre)
41
List the main effects of alpha2 stimulation
- platelet aggregation - inhibits NT release --> decrease action of neurotransmission - vasoconstriction & vasodilation - GI tract relaxation - CNS: decreased SNS outflow, sedation & analgesia
42
Is b1 located pre or post synaptically?
post
43
B1 receptor location
heart & kidneys
44
List the main effects of beta1 stimulation
**heart: increased contractility, rate, AV node conduction velocity renin release from kidneys
45
Is b2 pre or post synaptic
post
46
B2 location
- smooth muscle of bronchioles, uterus, vascular (skeletal muscle, heart, lungs), GI/GU - skeletal muscle - liver
47
List the main effects of beta2 stimulation
**bronchodilation **uterine relaxation **vasodilation in skeletal muscle, heart, & lungs **decreased GI/GU motility **increased K+ uptake (--> hypokalemia) tremor increased speed of skeletal musc contraction **glycogenolysis (--> hyperglycemia)
48
Dopamine location
postsynaptic vascular smooth muscle (renal, mesentery, heart, CNS)
49
List the main effects of dopamine1 stimulation
vasodilation of coronaries & renal vasculature
50
Agonist
stimulates the receptor to do what it normally does
51
Selectivity decreases with
increasing doses --> off target effects
52
Direct agonists
directly interact with receptor
53
Indirect agonists
increases NT concentration
54
Antagonist
blocks the normal activated receptor activity
55
Affinity
strength of drug binding to the receptor
56
Endogenous catecholamines
epi, NE, dopamine
57
List the two synthetic catecholamines
dobutamine isoproterenol
58
Catecholamines vs non
- 1/2 life of catecholamines is short due to rapid breakdown by MAO/COMT, cannot be given PO - non have longer 1/2 life (no COMT, slow MAO); ok for PO - catecholamines cannot cross BBB, non can
59
MAO
- monoamine oxidase - lives in presynaptic nerve terminals - breaks down catecholamines after reuptake - drug - drug interactions w/ MAOI
60
COMT
- catechol-O-methyltransferase - mostly liver but also presynaptic nerve terminals, some cytoplasm - adds methyl group to catechols (can eliminate)
61
What can happen when giving a patient a MAO inhibitor?
Hypertension and tachycardia (this can lead to stroke, myocardial infarction, etc.)
62
Which receptors does epinephrine agonize?
a1, a2, B1, B2
63
Which receptors does norepinephrine agonize?
a1, a2, B1
64
Which receptor does phenylephrine agonize?
a1 > a2
65
Which receptor does midodrine agonize?
a1 >a2
66
Which receptor does clonidine agonize?
a2 > a1
67
Which receptor does dexmedetomidine agonize?
a2 > a1
68
Which receptor does dobutamine agonize?
B1 > B2
69
Which receptors does isoproterenol agonize?
B1 & B2
70
Which receptor does terbutaline & albuterol agonize?
B2 > B1
71
Which receptor does dopamine agonize at low doses? At medium doses? At high doses?
dopaminergic medium dose = B1 high dose = a1
72
Do catecholamines or noncatecholamines have a longer duration of action?
noncatecholamines
73
Major adverse effect of epinephrine?
tachydysrhythmias (tachycardia with rapid AV conduction that can lead to abnormal beats) this can lead to myocardial infarction
74
Since norepinephrine doesn't agonize ____, it produces the strongest _____.
B2; vasoconstriction
75
what is an indirect agonist
drug that acts via a mechanism that is NOT directly agonizing the receptor examples: - blocking reuptake of neurotransmitter - blocking metabolism of a neurotransmitter - increasing release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic nerve terminal
76
when giving a beta antagonist for hypertension, what are side effects of using a nonselective antagonist?
bronchoconstriction (esp risk with asthma) hypoglycemia (esp risk with diabetes) hyperkalemia
77
does receptor selectivity increase or decrease when the dose of medication increases
decrease
78
what are the three types of receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?
nicotinic N (N1 or Nn) nicotinic M (N2 or Nm) muscarinic (5 major subtypes)
79
what neurotransmitter is released in the parasympathetic and somatic nervous systems
acetylcholine
80
Nn agonism occurs where?
all SNS & PSNS ganglia adrenal medulla
81
Nm agonism occurs where?
neuromuscular junction (the synapse between a nerve and the muscle cell)
82
Nm agonism results in _______.
skeletal muscle contraction
83
agonism of muscarinic receptors result in:
- vasodilation - **decreased heart rate - miosis - **bronchoconstriction - **increased secretions - **GI/GU motility increase (urination/defecation) - sweating - erection
84
what is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
medication that blocks the actions of acetylcholinesterase, which results in increased acetylcholine concentration
85
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic effect on reproductive system
- SNS: orgasm in genitals of men and women - PNS: stimulates erection of genitals
86
Structure of ANS
preganglionic neuron --> postganglionic neuron --> effector organ
87
SNS pre and postganglionic neurons
pre = short, post = long; quicker transmission
88
PNS pre and postganglionic neurons
pre = long, post = short; slower transmission
89
SNS primary functions
maintain blood flow to vital organs (brain), body temperature regulation, fight or flight reaction
90
SNS - maintenance of blood flow
increase HR & contractility, vasoconstriction in specific vessels
91
SNS - body temperature regulation
sweating, piloerection, controls blood flow to skin
92
SNS - fight or flight reaction
pupillary dilation, decreased GI motility / less digestion, detrusor muscle relaxation (less urge to urinate), bronchodilation
93
PNS regulatory functions
1. decreased HR 2. increased gastric secretions 3. emptying of bladder (detrusor & trigone muscle action) 4. emptying of the bowel 5. eye focusing on near vision 6. pupillary constriction 7. bronchoconstriction
94
Baseline tone
both systems exhibit at rest to maintain homeostasis; most organs are innervated by both PNS & SNS to maintain tight homeostatic control

Pharm (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions