Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

320 fundamental growth and Development > Ansc 320 organ and tissue growth and development(lec 9-13) > Flashcards

Ansc 320 organ and tissue growth and development(lec 9-13) Flashcards

(101 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Lec 9

A

organ growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

heart growth

A

-develops from embryonic mesoderm
-follows body growth
grows immediatly after birth cell proliferation, at maturity hypertrophy only
-still capable of hyperplasia immediately post natal
blood presure increases heart size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Kidney growth

A

made of loosely connected protein and phosphlipids
kidneys weight proportan to the surface are of the body
BW^.67
large animals have multi-lobe kidneys
-number of nephrons fixed earily in life
-malnutrition earily in life can reduce number of nephrons
-can not repair themselves because they are constantly working
-one kidney removed, other will increase in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lung growth

A

developed from embryoinc mesoderm
-trachio-bronchial tree forms first
-alveoli form slowly and not all alveoli formed at birth
-alveoli at birth are large
-number of alveoli increase earily in life and then is fixed
-number increase post-natally(geneticly determined)
later growth occurs through expansion of alveoli size, not number
alveolar surface are directly proportional to the rate of whole body oxygen consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lung size

A

directly proportional to body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lung growth

A

hypertrophy -high altitudes, removal of one lung
growth hormone
hyperoxia, reduces lung volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Almentary tract growth

ectoderm develop into?
mesoderm develop into?
endoderm develop into?

A

eg, Mouth, teeth, salivar glands from ectoderm
loung, stomach, intestines develop form mesoderm
-throat, root of tongue, esophagus from endoderm

-significant post-natal developments occur in stomach and intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2nd set of teeth

A

first ones for milk, sugar causes cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

digestive tract growth

A

relative to body size

  • size affected by function
  • rumen increase in size with forage diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

microbial population

A

established from dam and environment

  • rumen increases once they eat non-milk food
  • more you eat the bigger it will be
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hyperphagia of nutrients

A

causes hypertrophy of stomach and gut

-number of intestinal villi fixed at maturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

villi

A

size depend on need for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

liver growth

A

develops jointly from embryonic mesoderm and endoderm

  • size relitivly constant to body mass
  • positive allometry in embryo
  • slower than rest of body post natal
  • never loses ability for hyperplasia
  • size, driven by use
  • capable of regenerating
  • size decreases with poor nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

organ growth

A

organs of digestion (liver, digney, gastro-intestinal trach) related to feed intake(mostly protein)

  • spleen, epidermis also directly proportional to body size
  • organ formation relies on connective tissue scaffold of collagen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lecture 10

A

Connective tissue structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Collegen and elastin

A

contributes to the structure of

  • Cartilage
  • bone
  • Adipose(brown and white)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

collegen production

A

produced by all cells

  • mainly fibroblasts(found throught body),
  • osteoclasts
  • obontablast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is collagen

A

-a extracellular protein
-a protein polymer found in connective tissue
-most abundand in mammalian bodies
contains at least one right-handed triple helical chain
-contains 3 alpha chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

distinguishing features of collagen

A

right handed triple helical domain

-contains hydroxyproline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

collagen nomenclature

A

o α1(I), α2 (I), α1 (II), α1 (III)
o α indicates that collagen is an alpha chain
o 1 or 2 designates the alpha chain (different primary sequence)
o Can be more than 2 types of alpha chain
o Roman numerals indicate the type of collagen (I to XXVIII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

collagen primary structure

A

one alpha-chain

-consists of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

collagen secondary structure

A

each alpha chain folds into a left-handed alpha-helix

-HYP stabilizes helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Collagen tertiary structure

A

alpha chains combine into right-handed super triple helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

collagen quaternary structure’s

A

epimysium-around muscles
perimysium(P)- around muscle fibre bundles
endomysium(E)- around muscle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Collagen super family
Collagen Family Types of Collagen Fibril Forming I, II, III, V, XI, XXIV, and XXVII Fibril associated collagens with interrupted helices (FACITS) IX, XII, XIV, XVI, XIX, X, XXI, XXII, and XXVI Network IV, VI, VIII and X Anchoring VII Membrane associated collagens with interrupted helices (MACITs) XIII, XVII, XXIII, and XXV Multiple triple helix domains and interruptions (MULTIPLEXINS) XV and maybe XVIII
26
types of fibril-formin collagens
o Types I, II, III, V, XI, XXIV, and XXVII o α2 (I) chain C-terminal drives assembly of Type 1 so heterotrimer usually α2(I)+α1(I) +α1(I) o Type V modifies quaternary structure of type 1 o Can form hybrid molecules with type I and V in same molecule or type V and XI together o Collagen self assembles due to electrostatic properties along the whole molecule o Crosslink between ends of telopeptide and ends of other telopeptides o Endomysium → perimysium→epimyium →tendon →bone o Connective tissue is base on which muscle fibres contract
27
fibril-forming collagen-tendon type 1 and follows
rat tail tendon-type 1 collagen-perpendicular to collagen fibres -radial fibre structure
28
network collagens
Type lv -form loose tetrameric structures regulates cell adheason and migration
29
type vlll
in corneal layer of eye
30
type x
endochondral growth plate of bone
31
anchoring fibril collagens
as follows
32
type vl
connects endomysium to tendon
33
type vll
anchors epidermal-dermal junction
34
FACIT collagens
FACIT=fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices -do not form firbill, bind to other collagen fibrills and act as spacers to allow fibrils to slide past each other types lx xll xiv xlx xx xxl xxll xxvl
35
MACITs collagens
membran associated collagens with interrupted helicas
36
multiplexins collagens
type XV-maintains capillary intergrity(blood vessels ) | -type xvlll-integrity of retina and its attachment
37
specifity of function
``` Tissue Types of Collagen Cartilage II, IX and XI Skeletal Muscle I, III, IV and V Basement Membranes IV, VI, XIII, XV, XVIII and XIX Endochonral growth plate X Tendon I, III, and V Cornea I, V, VIII Skin I and III ```
38
Lecture 11
collagen and elastin synthesis
39
3 quaternary structures of collagen
Epimysium -around muscle Oermysium -around muscle fibre bundles endomysium -around muscle fibres
40
collagen synthesis
polypeptides synthesized by membrane-bound ribosome - secreted into endoplasmic reticulum - collagen alpha chain synthesized one by one - formation of intermuscular disufibe bonds in the c propetide
41
triple helix folding
folding of the alpha helices requires binding of the pro-peptide domains -bonds form triple helix
42
collagen synthesis
collagen molecule moves from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi stacks -secreted to extracellular space
43
Collagen cross-linking
- has no strength if its not cross-linked | - formed from bonds between lysines in helix and lysines
44
collagen turnover
very slow (1-2% per day) - up to 90% of collagen can be degraded within minuits of synthesis(intercellular) - matric metalloproteinases(extracellular
45
collagen turnover type 1
``` typer 1 collagen synthesis increased by -tissue remodelling after injury -growht(insulin-like growth factor) typer 1 collagen synthesis inhibited by -disease -poor nutrition ```
46
proteoglycans consist of
protein core polypetydes glycosaminoglycans recurring disaccharide inits -Allows collagen to slip past each other
47
elastic fibres
largest structure in the extra-cellular matrix -form elastic sheets or filaments -recoil-energy storage -primary protein is elastin(made up of protein) extensively cross-linked polymer -resistant to heat denaturing
48
elastin
most prevelent in blood vessels(sheet), lung and skin (filaments
49
elastic fibre synthesis and formation
during embryo development - synthesized by fibroblasts - synthesized at tropoelastin - self assamble
50
Fibrillin
large protein - cystein right - structural element of elastic fibres - binds calcuum, growth facrots, intergainr and heparin sulfate proteoglycans - beadind regions - glycoproteins-bind to the heparin sulfate
51
minor microfibil proteins types
MAGP-1 and 2 - Fibulins - Emilin
52
MAgp-1 and 2
small protein-modified structure, attracted to elastin - localized to beaded region of fibrillins - binds to tropoelastin and basement membrain
53
Fibulins
medium protein - fibulins 1-5 - guide elastin assembly
54
emilin
elastin microfbrill interface lacted protein - guide elastin fibre assembly - binds elastin and finbulin-5
55
Elastic fibre synthesis and assembly
o 1. Tropoelastin transported to plasma membrane where organized into small aggregates; aggregates cross-linked by lysyl oxidase o 2. New elastin added to aggregates o 3. Aggregates transferred to extracellular microfibrils anchored to cell by integrins o 4. Elastin aggregates coalesce together o 5. Aggregates cross-linked together by lysyl oxidase o Coordinated best in embryo and early post natal period o Elastic fibre assembly poor in adult o Elastic fibres repaired post-natally are disorganized, stiff, and less functional
56
Lecture 12
cartilage and bone
57
Cartilage
- composed of collagen and protoglycans - collagen-strenght, proteoglycans-water - found where elasticity and ressilence are required in body - non-vascular(very hard to heal, liittle repair after maturity
58
Cartilage production
produced by chondroblasts in embryo - produced by chondrocytes when mature - produce both proteoglycans and collagen
59
parts of Proteoglycans
protehin core - polypeptides - glycosaminoglycans - recurring disaccharide units
60
cartilage structure
mainly type 2 collagen | -collagen type ix decorates surface of type ll fibres in newly-formed cartilage
61
type lll collagen
found primarily at the articular surface of cartilage (part that touches other surfaces of bone) -new cartilage cells can be produced here
62
cartilage types
hyaline - elastic - fibrocartilage
63
hyaline
glass-like substance | -joints, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, embryonic bones
64
Elastic
ear, epiglottis
65
fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs
66
understanding cartilage
-scaffold upon which bone can be formed -amount of cartilage in bone and estimte of ossification -ossificatoin-an estimate of animal age used to grade beef carcases
67
bone and its formation
,,
68
2 types of bone formation
intermembranous-bone synthesized without a cartilage phase | endochondral-bone synthesized on a minerlized cartialge scaffold after bone is 'shaped'
69
endochondral bone structure
see picture
70
bone function and construction
-bone is a tissue and organ -produces red blood cells -helps body trabecular bone-helps bone bend cortical bone-resists gravity
71
the steps of endochondral bone formation
1-22
72
1
mecenchymal cells migrate to lim bus and condense
73
2
mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondroblasts
74
3
chrondroblasts secrete collagen, mucoplysaccharides and proteoglycans(build connective tissue)
75
4
chondroblasts on edges form perichondrium
76
5
5. Chondroblasts on inside of condensed cells hypertrophy; stretch intercellular substance; create lacunae; secrete alkaline phosphate; deposition of calcium phosphate on intercellular substance (Indicates calcification is beginning)
77
6
6. Chondroblasts become chondrocytes (to maintain calcification, no blood supply, get trapped in lacunae and die, leave lacuna behind), shrink and die from starvation, leave lacunae
78
7
7. Intercellular substance disintegrates due to lack of cell support, cavities form. Capillaries invade perichondrium
79
8
8. Perichondrium thickens (indicates mitotic activity is occurring)
80
9
9. Differentiation of chondrogenic layer to hyertropic chondroblasts and osetoblasts and osteocytes
81
10
1. Epiphyseal layer becomes discrete, osteoblasts produce cortical bone, become osteocytes, perichondrium becomes periostem (bone is added to outside of diaphysis)
82
11
11. Periostem produces cortical bone collar, chondroblasts in epiphysis hypertrophy; osteoblasts move to centre, begin to create osteocytes
83
12
12. Chondroblasts in epiphysis secrete collagen, create lacunae, deposit calcium phosphate on intercellular substance; capillaries invade centre
84
13
13. Chondroblasts in epiphysis become chondrocytes and die, leave lacunae behind; osteoblasts in centre make collagen and spongy or cancellous bone
85
14
14. Osteoblasts move into epiphysis, capillaries invade; osteoblasts make collagen and spongy or cancellous bone. Ossification occurs when capillaries are invading. Osteocytes remain after ossification to maintain bone
86
15
15. Diaphysis lengthens
87
16
16. Epiphysis perichondrium becomes periosteum
88
17
17. Diaphysis periosteum produces cortical bone
89
18
18. Diaphysis osteoclasts remove spongy bone
90
19
19. Marrow cavity forms
91
20
20. Mesenchymal cells form marrow
92
21
21. Articular cartilage remains on each epiphysis (to protect bone cells from the wear of joints moving)
93
22
22. Once blood vessel is established there is removal of blood from the inside
94
Bone turnover
in spongy(trabecular) bone, osteoclasts disolve bone -in compact(cortical) bone, bone is added beneath periosteum and removed at the junction -turnover ensures constant renewal of bone -endochondral bone growth occures on hyaline cartilage -bone structure forms in response to gravity and stress -red and yellow marrow yellow marrow has large amounts of liquids -both can produce red blood cells
95
factors affecting bone growth
genetic potential | -gravitional and machanical stress
96
excersize and bone growth
hiney 2004
97
hiney expermint
holsteins, 3 treatments, tie-stall no excersize, tie-stall excersize, free-stall -vigorous excersize helps with minirlization of the bone -confined had larges medullary cavity -excersied had most dense cortical area
98
factors affecting bone growth
genetics - gravity and machanical - nutrition(vitamis a, c, d) -not a problem unless they are confined - hormones - growth hormones (insulin-like growth factors, anabolic-drives growth of everything) - thryoxine - estrogen/testestorone
99
Growth hormone experiment
holstein steers 4 treatments bst first hal, bst 2nd half, both halfs, none -2nd half almost caught up to both halfs (saves money) -needs to be give continually
100
Sex hormone and bone growth
estrogen -increase long bone growth, inhibits bone absorption, increases calcium - testosteron- increasees long bone growth, increases bone density - both at hight concentrations encourage calcification of epiphyseal cartilage - reduces stature
101
hniffen lab test
heifers recieving estronge - when give 2 implants growth plates close much faster - animals looked physiologically older than they actually were

320 fundamental growth and Development (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions