ANSC 3210 ANIMAL WELFARE Flashcards
(100 cards)
<p>ANIMAL WELFARE</p>
<p>ANSC 3210</p>
<p>What are the three approaches for the scientific study of animal welfare?</p>
<p>1) Feelings-based 2) Functioning-based 3) Nature of species </p>
<p>1) Feelings-based</p>
<p>Animal experiences, emphasize reduction of negative feelings and promote positive ones</p>
<p>How do we moniter feelings-based?</p>
<p>Preferences, motivations, behavioural and physiological indicators </p>
<p>2) Functioning-based </p>
<p>health, longevity, reproductive, (heavilty debated)</p>
<p>3) Nature of the animal </p>
<p>Animal to perform full repetoire of behabiour</p>
<p>Why did animal welfare arise?</p>
<p>Not scientific orignially, arose to express ethical concerns </p>
<p>What does welfare refer to ?</p>
<p>Quality of an animals life, health, happiness, longevity</p>
<p>First reference to animal welfare?</p>
<p>Bible </p>
<p>Why is longevity not a satisfactory welfare measure?</p>
<p>McCay et al (1939) found rats with restricted intake had longer lives. Chronic hunger and inadequate nutrition increased longevity. </p>
<p>What did Mendl and Deag determine in 1995?</p>
<p>'there are significantproblemsin amalgam- atingallthe differenttypesof measures. . . into a single"welfare"currency'. </p>
<p>What does 'telos' mean?</p>
<p>Conditional rules </p>
<p>What are the five moral philosophies?</p>
<p>1) Contractarian 2) Utilitarian 3)Relational 4) Animal Rights 5) Respect for Nature</p>
<p>Which three will we focus on in class? </p>
<p>2)Utilitarian 4) Animal Rights 5) Respect for nature </p>
<p>Contractarian ?</p>
<p>Everyone acts in their own interest. "Care about welfare because the consumer cares and we want to make a profit"</p>
<p>Utilitarian?</p>
<p>Maximize animal and human well being. "Some animal research may be justified by vital importance to cure painful disease"</p>
<p>Relational?</p>
<p>Views based on relation we have with animals. "Dog is mans best friend. Dog deserves to be treated better than farm animals"</p>
<p>Animal Rights?</p>
<p>Only doing what is right. Some debate "Animals are not out slaves"</p>
<p>Respect for nature?</p>
<p>We have the duty to protect not only individual animals but the species. Do not genetically modify nature</p>
<p>What does our class results tell us about these philosphies?</p>
<p>95.8% of the class used three+ philophies, suggesting no philosphy is perfect </p>
<p>What are the two considered real animal welfare philosphies?</p>
<p>Utilitarian and Animal Rights</p>
<p>If you pick Utilitarian what are you picking?</p>
<p>You believe that the consequences of your actions are most important </p>
<p>If you pick Animal Rights what are you picking?</p>
<p>You believe that your actions themselves are most important </p>
<p>If you have some contractarian?</p>
<p>Pay attention to the effect of your actions on yourself</p>
If you have some Relational?
Pay attention to how close you are to the animal ( horses closer than rats)
If you have some Respect for Nature?
Pay attention to the effect your actions may have on the ecosyste,.
What other university did Dr. Duncan teach at?
Pingtung in the south of Taiwan
What was surprsing about the survey results from Taiwan?
Very similar to our views even though many finacial, thical and religious differences.
What word captures the essence of ethics?
OUGHT. "how we ought to behave"
What two acts does ethical behaviour include?
Acts of commission and acts of omission
Discuss the History of Ethics
Name, year, key pints
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
The ability to reason sets humans abouve all other creatures. Everything in nature has a reason. Humans should have absolute authority over animals
Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274)
Christian twist. No direct obligations, some indirect moral obligations. No moral standing in animals only instrumental value.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Animals are machines. Animals are not sentient. Unconcious emotions
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Following absolute rules.
Kant and the Inquiring Murderer
Woman hiding from murder you know where she hid, murderer asks, lie about her whereabouts. Kant maintained morally obligated
OUGHT: Hypothetical Imperative
Tell us what do do to provide desired result. If you don't want result you are not obligated. If you want better grades you ought to do the readings. Ought is a reference to a moral obligation if we want the results
OUGHT: Categorical Imperative
You ought to tell the truth. Obligations binding now matter how you personally feel
What does Kant say about Rationality?
It is rational for everyone to act according to categorical imperatives. Humans have intrinsic and instrumental value because we can reason. Animals cannot and therefore only have an instrumental value.
Instrumental value.
The value that something has because of what it can be used for
Intrinsic or Inherent Value
Value that something has in its own right. Only humans have intrinsic (slaves do not)
Which four philosophers developed te dominaed traditional Western view of how animals should be treated.
Aritstotle, Aquinas, Descartes, Kant
What is the factual claim in this Western view?
Human beings have a special attribute that makes them distinct from all other animals
What is the moral claim in the Western view?
Having this special attribute makes human beings objects of direct moral concern
What is the special attribute?
RATIONALITY. The ability to reason (Christian view, animals don't have immortal souls.)
THE RISE OF UTILITARIANISM
Maximize animal and human well being. "Some animal research may be justified by vital importance to cure painful disease"
Davide Hume (1711-1776)
Enlightenment period in Europe. Animals have a moral standing because they learn from experience. Shy away when you lift a whip if they have been beat.
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Consequences of actions are most important. Did more work with humans during industrial revolution. It is okay to lie if the consequence is better. Not about reason, but, Can they suffer?
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Great happiness principle
What is the Great happiness principle?
Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they ten to produce the reverse of happiness.
Happiness?
Pleasure and the the absence of pain
Unhappiness?
Pain and the privation of pleasure
Pete Singer (b1946)
Utilitarian approach. Welfare is highly objectionable. Father of Animal Rights.
"What course of conduct promotes the greates amount of happiness for all those who will be affected?
Utilitarian
What is a main principle of being a UTILITARIAN?
Everyone involved should be considered. Over-all efect.
What is a similar to a net increase in happiness?
A net decrease in suffering
Why is it more difficult to take a UTILITARIAN approach to animals oppose to humans?
Difficult to determine what increases happiness and what decreases suffering
What are the two weaknesses of UTILITARIANISM?
Justice may not be done. Rights may be violated
Justice may not be done
Letting someone take the wrong blame to prevent multiple suffering
Rights may be violated
Peeping Tom . Unnoticed but he recieves pleaseure
In Defence of utilitarianism.
Very resilient. Scenarios are not real life examples. Develop rules to overcome problem. So What response.
ANIMAL RIGHTS
Only doing what is right. Some debate "Animals are not out slaves"
Define Rights.
Things one may legally or morally claim. Being entitled to a privelge or immunity or authority act.
What type of things give rights
Bills, ammendments, charter
Which philisopher has similarities to the idea of 'rights'
Kant and his Categorical Imperatives
I have an obligation not to use you
You have a right not to be used by me
I have an obligation not to lie to you
You have a right not to be lied to by me
Everyone has an obligation to treat everyone else with equal concern and respect
You have a right to equal concern and respect from everyone
One of the most important names in animal rights history?
Tom Regan
What did Regan say ?
Conscious beings, individual welfare, want things, we are all sentient creatures with inherent value
What does Regan say the biggest harm is ?
To kill another individual
Why is it difficult to combine biologist and philosophers?
Terms do not necissarly combine paths
According to the rights theory can there be exceptions to the rule of "never harm"?
YES
How many conditions are there to Regans do no harm?
FOUR
Self-defence by the innocent
If you are being attacked you are allowed to defend yourself even if you harm another person/animal
Punishment of Guilty
People who break rules may be punished even if it 'harms' deriving them of their freedom
Innocent Shields
hostage situation hurt the wrong-doer and possible an innocent
Innocent Threats
4 year old with a loaded gun
What short comings have emerged from Regan's philopsphy?
His views dominated animal rights because he hijacked the term, also his views are taken by extremists
People who fall into the category of animal rights believe in what?
Not necisarrily Regan's method but limited animal rights
What falls under extreme rights?
Tom Regan, Gary Francione, Extreme view, abolitionist, do not use animals
What falls under limited rights?
Gerry Tannenbaum, Lilly Russow, Moderate, welfarists, end up with utilitarians
Why is inherent value foggy?
Where on the scale? Regan (1983) suggests only mammals higher than a do are ingerent
Why doesn't the animal rights protect animal welfare?
Does not dictate how humans interact with animals indirectly
What is the divine command?
Prescriptive (like bible) tells you what to do
Weakness with divine command?
No relevance to non-believers, different gods, modern conditions
Ethical egoism and Ratonal egoism
We have no moral duty except to do what is best for ourselves
Agent-centered view
Suffering animals is wrong because shows character flaw with person concerned
Species-integrity view
Species have value not individuals
Seagull example of telos
Cannot always distiguish natural environment like the seagulls
Mink example
Want to be near and in water
Ethic of rverence for life
Will not kill needlessly
Weakness of reverence for life
Sounds wonderful, where do we draw line, sentience not considered
Panism by Richard Ryder -> coined the term 'speciesim'
Pain is only evil, moral objective to reduce pain
Utilitarianism TELELOGICCAL
thory that deals with ends or final purpose, end being sought out is the greatest happiness
Animal Rights DEONTOLOGICAL
throty that deals with that which is binding, deals with actions not ends
What evidence is overlapping between the Utiliarianisma & Animal Rights
subject of a life, conscious, sentient, individual welfare, can suffer, want and prefer, believe and feel
Animals are worthy of moral consideration. Maximize total happiness
UTILITARIAN
Animals have inherent value. Do not use
ANIMAL RIGHTS
In Dr. Duncan's opinion why is animal rights weak?
Ignores adverse unintentional effects of humans. I.E. altering environment, growing crops, building roads, pollution
