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ANSC 2120 - Animal Nutrition (Cornell University) > ANSC 4270 - Fundamentals of Endocrinology (Cornell) > Flashcards

ANSC 4270 - Fundamentals of Endocrinology (Cornell) Flashcards

1
Q

Radio-immunoassay (RIA)

A

detected low concentration of hormone with accuracy

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2
Q

Maintain Homieostaisis

A

Internal environment responses to internal or external environment

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3
Q

Signal Transduction Pathway

A

Hormones attaches to receptor
–>
Transduction creates reaction

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4
Q

Feedback Systems

A

Regulation of endocrine function (better control and fine tuning of hormones)

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5
Q

Pituitary Parts

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Neural Stalk
  3. Anterior Pituitary (Ademohypophysis)
    • Pars tubercles (top)
    • Pars distalis (bottom)
  4. Pars Intermedia
  5. Posterior Pituitary (Neuroyphysis)
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6
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Trophic Hormones

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7
Q

Ablation/ Replacement

A

Removing Glands/ Organs to study affects

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8
Q

Pituitary Development (Embryo development)

A

Anterior lobe - derives from an upgrowth of the oral ectoderm of the primitive mouth cavity (stomodeum) known as Rathke’s pouch

Neuronal component - arises from a downgrowth of the neural ectoderm of the floor of the forebrain (ventral diencephalon) the neural infundibulum

The intermediate lobe - the “pars intermedia”, develops at the point of contact between the neural infundibulum and Rathke’s pouch

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Proliferation

A
  1. Primordial Cell (ectoderm)
  2. Pituitary commitment and proliferation
  3. Prop 1 signals
    • Gonadotropin (also GATA-2)
  4. Pit-1 signals
    • Thyrotropes
    • Lactotropes
    • Somatotropes
    • Somato-mammotropes
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10
Q

Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (CPHD)

A

Shortage of several hormone produced by pituitary
- Short stature on early childhood
- hypothyroidism

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11
Q

Nuclei Regions

A

Areas of neurons that exist in pairs (Hypothalamus)

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12
Q

Hypophysitophic hormones

A

Neurotransmitter’s from nuclei of hypothalamus

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13
Q

Median Eminence

A

Divides the hypothalamus and pituitary. Connects to the paras distalis capillary plexus, dumping Hypophysitophic hormones into anterior pituitary.

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14
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system

A
  1. Medial Eminence with its plexus
  2. Nerve ending infiltrate Medial Eminence
  3. Nurses reach Paras distalis
    (Not intimately connected to posterior pituitary)
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15
Q

Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone

A

Hypothalamus excretes all peptides EXCEPT dopamine.
- Vasopressin (anti-diarrhetic hormone)
- Oxytocin (Almost the same)

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16
Q

Pituitary Hormone

A

All protein or small peptides

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17
Q

Pituicytes

A

Assist in the storage and release of hormones of the posterior pituitary. Surround nerve endings and 2-3 large dendrites.

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18
Q

Vesicles

A

Stores and relies hormone from into the cell to extracellular fluid (Neuronal cells)

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters of neuron signals

A
  • Glutamate
  • Gamma Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  • Catechalmines (Dopamine + Epinephrin)
  • Serotonin
  • Acetylcholine
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20
Q

Parts of Posterior Pituitary

A

Nural Tissue
- Nerve fibers (cell bodies from hypothalamus)
- Pituicytes (neural support cells)
- Nuerosecreiton (nerve endings hormone)

21
Q

Magnocellular Neurons
(Posterior Pituitary Hormone)

A

Clusters of secreting neurons
- SON - Vasopressin
- PVN - Oxytocin

22
Q

Nonapeptides Evolution

A

Vasopressin and Oxytocin are similar (same evolutionary dependent)

23
Q

Secreting Nonapeptides (From Magnocellular neurons)

A

Produced in hypothalamus noted in vesicles in posterior pituitary. Supported by Pituicyte cells until stimulated releases.

24
Q

Parvocellular (non-magnocellular neurons)

A

Makes AVP and oxytocin (connects to both pituitary sections of the brain)

25
Q

Paracrine Mechanism

A

Neighboring Cells

26
Q

Autocrine Mechanism

A

Same Cells

27
Q

Signaling Factors

A

May not be considered hormones at times (can be both)

28
Q

Vasopressin/ Anti-diuretic Hormone

A

Made in Magnocellular neurons

  • Vasocontricts blood vessels (boost blood pressure)
  • Prevents waterless in kidneys (Diuresis)
29
Q

Oxytocin

A

Made in Magnocellular neurons

(Definition: Quick Birth)
- Induces term labor (birth faster)
- Milk let down (acts on myoepithelieal cells)
Suckling and sounds stimulates oxytocin

30
Q

Positive feedback loop (Birth)

A

Dilate Cervix with stretching producing more oxytocin creating more contractions.

31
Q

Prairie Vs. Meadow Vole

A

Prairie:
- Monogamous
- Family
- Pair bonding (male aggression)

Meadow:
- Promiscuos
- Isolation/ Solitary
- Males lack aggression

32
Q

Prairie differ to meadow Vole

A

Prairie:
- Has “pleasure receptors” (brain makes tons more Vesopressin and Oxytocin to facilitate pairing)

Meadow:
- Lack “pressure receptors” in reward pathways
- Has different activation of receptors all together

33
Q

Rudimentary Neuroendocrine system

A

Hypothalamus
V
Pituitary
| (Trophic Hormones/ nurishing homrones)
V
Endocrine
| (Hormones)
V
Target Cells

34
Q

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

A

Prodiced by melanotrophs
1. Binds to melenocortin receptors
2. blood sugar (glucose) levels
2. protects the body from stress
3. stops (suppresses) inflammation

35
Q

Intermidiate Lobe Pituitary

A

Inbetween both pituitary glands
1. Developes from Antirior Pit.
2. Cell type: Melantrope (Humans don’t have)
3. Pricesses Prohormone Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

36
Q

Hypothalamic Nurve Fiber

A

Secretions:
1. Dopamine
2. GABA
3. Norepinephrine
4. Seretonin
(Controlled by Intermediate Lobe)

37
Q

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfucntion/ equine cushings syndrome

A

Degeneration of neurons that produce dopamine

38
Q

Pigmentaiton of Melanocytes (vertibrates)

A
  • Cells found in Basel membrane
  • Have dentritic like extension to cells (contain karatinocytes)
39
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH)

A

Hormone invloved in pigmentation and activated when in contact eith MC1R receptor

40
Q

How Pigmintation works

A

MCR1 recpetor
|
eumelanin synthesis
|
Melanosomes sent to keratinocytes

Info:
- Melanosmes concetration darkens skin
- UV radiation makes keratinocytes to signal for more MCH

41
Q

Accuate Nucleus

A

-MSH is made in Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) Nueron
- Acition decresses food intake
- Interacts with other nuerons for food intake

42
Q
A
43
Q

G Proteins Couple Receptor (GPCR)

A
  • membrane receptors (serpentine)
  • sense stimuli and hormone
  • react to protein or peptide or amine hormone (pit)
44
Q

Activation of G Protein Couplr Receptor

A
  1. Hormone binds
  2. nucleotide exchange” = release GDP in exchange for GTP
  3. Transducers signal through G protein Receptor
  4. cAMP (secondary messenger) alters cell for function
45
Q

cAMP Function

A
  1. Activates enzyme kinases (phosphorylation of protein activating it)
  2. This binds to regulatory subunits
  3. Other protein gets altered by regulatory enzymes and alters cell
46
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A
  • modulator hormone multi function
  • affects other hormone
47
Q

Colloid Filled structure

A
  • protein fluid
  • contains thyroidglobulin to make Thyroid Hormone
48
Q

Thyroid Protein Synthesis

A
  1. Thyroidglobulin
  2. Thyroid peroxide
  3. Sodium iodide symporter
  4. Pendrin

ANSC 2120 - Animal Nutrition (Cornell University) (2 decks)

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