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ANSC 612 > ANSC 612 Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

ANSC 612 Exam 1 Review Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup (alleles) of an individual (BB, Bb, bb)

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2
Q

Domestication

A

The process where a population is changed at the genetic level through selective breeding, to accelerate traits that benefit humans

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3
Q

Commensals

A

Adapted to a human niche, provided food and shelter

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4
Q

Wildlife

A

Undomesticated animals species, now includes all organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans

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5
Q

Captive animals

A

Animals held by humans and prevented from escaping

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6
Q

Population

A

A subset of individuals of one species that occupies a particular geographic area and interbreeds

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7
Q

Trait

A

A specified characteristic of an individual (qualitative or quantitative)

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics in an individual resulting from the expression of genes

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9
Q

Plasticity

A

The ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environments

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10
Q

Evolution

A

A process where living organisms gradually develop and diversify over time

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11
Q

Animal breeding

A

Addresses the genetic value of livestock, selection of breeding animals that have desirable traits

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12
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variation in ecosystems, species, populations within species, and genetic diversity within species

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13
Q

Genes

A

Chemical instructions for building proteins

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14
Q

Locus

A

Physical location of gene on chromosome

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15
Q

Diploid cell

A

Two versions of each gene

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16
Q

Allele

A

Each version of a gene

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17
Q

What is Genetic Diversity a measure of?

A
  1. How many different versions of genes exist across a genome among individuals in a population
  2. How frequently they occur
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18
Q

How can you deduce genetic diversity of a population?

A
  1. Skin grafts
  2. Asymmetrical skull growth
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19
Q

Why do we care about genetic diversity?

A

Decreased genetic diversity leads to increased inbreeding, which decreases reproductive fitness, causing an increased rate of extinction, which ultimately decreases biodiversity

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20
Q

Chromosome Theory of Heredity

A
  • Sutton Boveri Theory
  • Heredity factor is in the nucleus
  • Chromosomes occur in pairs and separate at meiosis
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21
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

Two sets (one pair) of chromosomes

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22
Q

Autosomes

A

Pairs 1 through 22

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23
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

XX in females, XY in males

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24
Q

Centromere

A

The largest construction site of chromosome, site of spindle fiber attachment

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24
Centromere
The largest construction site of chromosome, site of spindle fiber attachment
25
Telomeres
At the tips of chromosomes
26
Telocentric
At the tip
27
Acrocentric
Close to the tip
28
Submetacentric
Off center
29
Metacentric
At midpoint
30
Ideograms
- A schematic representation of a chromosome - Short arm is the p-arm - Longer arm is the q-arm
31
Cytogenetics
- Genetics subdiscipline that focuses on chromosome variations
32
Karyotype
- A chart arranging chromosome pictures according to their size, grouped by pairs of homologs - Karyotypes are visualized when the cell is in metaphase
33
Four phases of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
34
Cytokinesis
- How the cytoplasm divides - Cleavage furrow forms - Microfilaments pull plasma membrane inward around cell - Pinches the cell in two
35
Meiosis
- Single DNA replication - Two divisions of the cytoplasm (2n to n) - Genetic recombination (synapsis) - Crossing over occurs in meiosis I
36
Meiosis I
- Reductional division - Separation of homologs, reduces chromosomes to haploid (n), haploid is one set of chromatids
37
Meiosis II
- Equational division - Sister chromatids of haploid cells are separated
38
Polyploidy
Extra chromosome set
39
Aneuploidy
Extra or missing chromsome
40
Monosomy
One chromosome absent
41
Trisomy
One chromosome extra
42
Deletion
Part of a chromosome missing
43
Duplication
Part of a chromosome present twice
44
Inversion
Segment of chromosome reversed
45
Translocation
Two chromosome arms exchanged
46
Chromosome nondisjunction
- 1st meiotic division yields a copy of each homolog in the gamete - 2nd meiotic division results in both sister chromatids in one gamete (do not separate)
47
Nondisjunction of autosomes
- One or more pairs of chromosomes fail to separate during cell division - Normal gamete = gamete + 1 chromosome - Abnormal gamete = gamete + 0 or 2 chromosomes
48
Trisomy 28 in cattle
- Cleft Palate - Will not survive without surgery (typically does not happen)
49
Turner Syndrome in heifers
- Receives an X from mom, but no chromosome from dad - "XO" - Heifer is sterile, only develops streak gonads not proper ovaries, and will never ovulate
50
Klinefelter Syndrome in Bulls
- Receives 2 X chromosomes from mom and one Y chromosome from dad - "XXY" - Bull will have small testicles and will be sterile (no sperm)
51
Trisomy X in heifers
- Inherits 3 X chromosomes - "XXX" - Can reproduce, may have normal calves or Klinefelter sons
52
Curly Calf Syndrome (Arthrogryposis Multiplex)
- Result of the deletion of a small segment of DNA
53
Impact of aneuploidies on fertility
- X monosomy: sterile - XXX trisomy: infertile - XXY trisomy: sterile - XYY trisomy: infertile
54
Terminal Deletion
Deletion close to chromosome end
55
Interstitial Deletion
Deletion within chromosome arm
56
Deletion Disorders
- Goats: polled intersex syndrome - Horses: pseudohermaphroditism
57
Inversion Disorders
- Tobiano spotting on horses - Distinguishes between Bornean and Sumatran orangutans (by their faces)
58
Balanced Translocation
Pieces of chromosomes are rearranged, but no genetic material is gained or lost (also called reciprocal translocation)
59
Unbalanced Translocation
Offspring inherits a chromosome with extra or missing genetic material from a parent with a balanced translocation
60
Translocation in horses
REEL: repeated, early, embryo, loss
61
Robertsonian Translocation (centric fusion)
- Fragments of nonhomologous chromosomes recombine so that a single centromere is retained - Acrocentric
62
Ring chromosomes
- Break in both arms of chromosome - Terminal ends (telomeres) are lost - Broken arms fuse together as a ring
63
Frederick Griffith
- The transforming principle - One bacteria can be transformed to another
64
Avery, Macleod, and McCarthy
- Found that when DNA is destroyed, the transforming principle is lost
65
Hershey and Chase
- Protein was not genetic material - DNA is genetic material - DNA contains a lot of phosphorus - Protein contains a lot of sulfur
66
Phoebus Levene
- Purines (G and A) and Pyrimidines (A and T)
67
Erwin Chargaff
- A pairs with T and C pairs with G - Even amount of base pairs give DNA and even structure
68
Wilkins and Franklin
- DNA is a double helix - X-ray diffraction
69
Watson and Crick
- Helix has a sugar-phosphate backbone - Rungs of ladder the base pairs - 3' end is hydroxyl group, 5' end is phosphate group - Hydrogen bonds between base pairs (3 for C and G, 2 for A and T)
70
The Central Dogma
- DNA is transcribed to RNA, RNA is translated to protein - DNA and RNA in nucleus, protein in cytoplasm
71
Helicase
Unwinds and holds apart DNA double helix
72
Primase
Begins new DNA strand by adding a RNA primer to template strand
73
Exonuclease
Removes the RNA primer
74
DNA Polymerase
Adds nucleotides to the new DNA strand, proofreads to replace any incorrect bases
75
Ligase
Seals the sugar-phosphate backbone of replicated DNA, joins Okazaki fragments
76
Binding proteins
Stabilize separate DNA strands
77
DNA
- Double stranded - Deoxyribose - A, C, G, T
78
RNA
- Single stranded - Ribose - A, C, G, U
79
rRNA
Forms the ribosomes (with protein)
80
mRNA
Carries the code for protein synthesis (codons), eventually translated into a protein
81
tRNA
Picks up amino acids for the growing polypeptide chain (anticodons)
82
Redundancy
Most amino acids are specified by more than one mRNA codon
83
Introns
Spliced out
84
Exons
Sequences for the proteins, joined together

ANSC 612 (1 decks)

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