ANSCI Flashcards by ronn pontoy

the act of giving birth

parturition

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parturition in cows

cal;ving

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parturition in sows

farrowing

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parturition in mares

foaling

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parturition in goats

kidding

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parturition in ewes

lambing

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act of fertilization

conception

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female parent

dam

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ability to give birth to offspring
frequently or numerous young at frequent intervals

Fecundity/ prolificacy

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ability to produce fertilizable ova and to provide
proper environment for and initiating cell division and
embryonic development;

fertility

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pregnancy time from conception to birth

gestation

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failure to copulate

impotency

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sexual maturity, as exhibited by first heat or
ovulation

puberty

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the male parent

sire

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inability to produce normal young

sterility

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the ability of an animal to pass on either
good or bad traits to its progeny

transmitting ability

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the process of separating the young from its dam

weaning

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young animal, after separation from its dam

weanling

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the study of the form and structure

anatomy

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Are structures found outside the body which an integral part
of the organ systems located internally

external anatomy

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Are organs and organ systems which functions in a wellcoordinated
manner to enable survival, growth and
reproduction

internal anatomy

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the study of function of the parts or organ systems of
the body

physiology

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the maintenance of static or constant conditions in
the internal environment

homeostasis

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Basic unit of the nervous system

nerve cells or neurons

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a gap between two neurons

synapse

transmit nerve impulses from the effector organ to the spinal cord or brain

afferent or sensory neurons

transmit nerve impulses away from the brain or spinal cord or towards muscles or glands

efferent or motor neurons

conduct impulses from an afferent neuron within the central nervous system

interneurons

the main processing unit of the body

central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

is composed of nerves emerging from the CNS

peripheral nervous system

divisions of the peripheral nervous system

Somatic and Autonomic/Visceral

- supplies & receives fibers (neurons) to & from the skin, Skeletal muscles, joints, & tendons - brings about quick adjustments of the muscles to changes in The environment

Somatic nervous system

- supplies & receives fibers to & from smooth muscle, cardiac Muscle, and glands - made up of visceral motor fibers (those supplying smooth Muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands)

Autonomic nervous system

important for control of 'normal' Body functions

parasympathetic division

also called the 'fight or flight' Division; important in helping us cope with stress

sympathetic nervous system

a branch of physiology dealing with the coordination of various body tissues by chemical mediators produced

enodcrinology

a substance or chemical mediator produced by the endocrine glands

hormone

classification of hormones

polypeptides glycoproteins amines steroids

Chains of amino acids, each less than 100 amino acids long (insulin)

polypeptides

A polypeptide chain, longer than 100 amino acids, attached to a carbohydrate (FSH and LH)

glycoproteins

Hormones derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. (catechloamines)

Amines

example of catecholamines

adrenaline and nor adrenaline

Lipids derived from cholesterol (corticosteroids)

steroids

secreted from the adrenal gland balance solutes, such as glucose and salt, in the body.

corticosteroids

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

adenohypophysis

posterior lobe of pituitary glands

nerohypophysis

intermediate parts of the pituitary gland

pars intermedia

function of hypothalamus

1. Control of the autonomic nervous system 2. Reception of sensory impulses from the viscera 3. Intermediary between the nervous and endocrine system 4. Control of body temperature 5. Regulation of body intake 6. Thirst center 7. Part of the limbic system-emotions such as rage and aggression 8. Part of reticular formation

Maintains the level of metabolism n the tissues optimal for the Normal function

thyroid gland

pituitary gland is also called

hypophysis

increases the basal metabolic rate of an individual

T4 or thyroxine

along with T4 stimulates the oxygen consumption of most of the cells in the body, and helps regulate lipid and carbohydrates metabolism

T3 or triiodothyronine

imple goiter; lack of thyroxine secretion due to Iodine deficiency in the diet

hypothyrodism

excess thyroid secretion causes

thyrotoxicosis graves desease

Located near the thyroid gland produce parathyroid hormone

parathyroid gland

increases the level of Calcium in the blood by mobilization of calcium from the bones, and Enhancement of Ca and P absorption from the intestinal tract

parathyroid hormone

oversecretion of STH vefore adulthood

Gigantism

Oversecretion of STH after adulthood

acromegaly

Deficiency of STH

Dwarfism

target organ of STH

bones and muscles

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocortlcoids such as cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone

ACTH

ACTH maintains size of

zona fasculata and zona reticularis

Stimulates prod ction of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 by thyroid follicular cells, maintains size of follicular cells, increase in metabolism

Thyroid Stimulating hormones

Stimula􀍵s the ovary to produce graafian follicle In the male, it regulates spermatogenesis In the testis by maintaining the integrity of the seminiferous tubules

Follicle stimulating hormone

Stimulates ovulation in the maturing graafian follicle and the formation of the ovarian corpus luteum Stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone Stimulates testosterone production by the testis

Luteinizing hormone

Stimulates production and maintains milk secretion in lactating mammary gland

Prolactic or Leuteotrophic hormones

Skin pigmentation (melanin)

melanocyte stimulating hormone

Stimulates milk ejection in lactating females Contraction of the uterus at parturition for fetal expulsion

oxytocin

maintains body water through reabsorption

vasopressin or antidioretic hormone

target organ of ACTH

adrenal cortex

target organ of Thyroid stimulating hormone

thyroid gland

target organ of FSH

ovarian follicle

target organ of LH

ovarian follicle

target organ of prolactin

mammary gland

target organ of MSH

skin

target organ of oxytocin

mammary gland and uterus

target organ of vasopressin

kidney

the adrenal gland is divided into

cortex and medulla

(secreted by zona fasciculate and zona reticularis) Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

glucocorticoids

list of glucocorticoids

cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone

(secreted by zona glomerulusa) Regulates mineral metabolism and water balance; regulates sodium metabolism by reabsorbing sodium from the kidnev tubules

aldosterone

Emergency hormone, increase heart rate, vasoconstrictiont

epinephrine (adrenalin)

Maintenance of blood pressure

norepinephrine

cells that secrete pancreatic Juices with digestive enzymes

acrinar cells

cells that produce insulin

beta cells of the pancreas

cells that produce glucagon that stimulates glycogenolysis

alpha cells of the pancreas

Located at the duodenal loop of the small intestine

pancreas

produce male gametes (sperm)

testes

produces female gametes (ova)

ovary

female gonads produce

estrogen progesterone relaxin

cardivascular system consist of

heart, blood and blood vessels

contraction of the heart is initiated by the depolarization of

sinoatrial node

the aortic arterial pressure rises to its highest point

systole

the aortic arterial pressure falls to its lowest point

diastole

prevents backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium during ventricular systole

atria-ventricular valve

prevent backflow of the blood from the blood vessels into the ventricles during diastole

aortic valves and pulmonary valves

the valve on the right

tricupid

the valve on the left

biscuspid (mitral)

the cardiac pacemaker

sino atrial node

SEQUENCE OF HEARTTBEAT\ contraction of the atria (atrial systole), followed by the contraction of the ventricles (ventricular systole), then diastole (relaxation of the heart muscles)

the arterial palpation of a heartbeat

PULSE

where to get cattle heart rate

maxillary and coccygeal artery

where to get goat heartrate

femoral artery

where to get horse heart rate

maxillary artery

heartrate of cattle

heart rate of goat

heart rate of horse

heart rate of chicken

200-400

the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

artery

arries unoxygenated blood back to the heart

vein

supplies blood to the heart

coronary circulation

supplies arterial blood into the liver

hepatic circulation

supplies arterial blood into the brain

cerebral circulation

supplies arterial blood into the kidney

renal circulation

supplies arterial blood into the digestive tract

splanchnic circulation

blood is composed of

blood cells and plasma

the fluid portion of the blood containing a number of ions, inorganic molecules, and organic molecules which are in transport of other substances

blood plasma (3-5% of body weight)

three types of blood cells

leukocytes erythrocytes thrombocytes

the most numerous; main function is to phagocyte

granulocytes

types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

large and non- nudear; actively phagocytic

moonocytes

mostly formed in the lymph nodes, spleen and thymus; believed to produce antibodies and counteract toxins

lymphocytes

carries oxygen for distributi,on to the different tissues

erythrocytes

a complex conjugated globular protein containing iron responsible for its oxygen-carrying property

hemoglobin

leads to local vasoconstriction

serotonin

is essential for blood dotting

thromboplastin

- Composed of lymph node, lymph vessel, and the lymph - - Carries fluid from the tissue spaces into the blood

lymphatic system

Bean-shaped small bodies of lymphoid tissues located in strategic points in the body through which the lymph passes on its way to the bloodstream

lymph nodes

A system of vessels draining from the lungs and from the rest of the body tissues ending in the venous system

Lymph vessels

- An interstitial fluid - Derived largely from the blood and in similar composition with blood plasma

Lymph

The lymph flow in the lymph vessels is unidirectional, from the tissues toward the heart

Refers to the structure involved in the exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs and other organ systems

RESPI RATORY SYSTEM

the oxygen from the environment is taken in

inspiration

carbon dioxide, a metabolic product is expelled during respiration

expiration

the normal quite respiration

Eupnea

difficult breathing

Dyspnea

the cessation/stopping of respiration

apnea

the increased rate/depth of breathing or both

Hyperpnea

the rapid , shallow breathing

Polypnea

completely separates the abdominal cavity and ,he thoracic cavity

Diaphragm

respiration of carabao

24-27

respiration of cattle

27-28

respiration of fowl

15-30

respiration of horse

27-28

respiration of pig

29 - 30

respiration of sheep

35-38

-includes the digestive tract and its associated glands

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The seizing and conveying of feed into the mouth

prehension

The principal prehensile structures are

lips teeth and tongue

another term for chewing

mastication

In ruminants, most of the mastication of coarser feed particles occurs during the process of

rumination

The mixing of feed with saliva

insalivation

The mechanical breakdown of feed and the consequent chemical changes brought about by digestive juices, bacteria and protozoa

digestion

A complex protein produced in living cells that causes changes in other substances within the body without being changes itself

enzymes

protein to polypeptides

pepsin

Transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to the circulatory (blood, or lymph) system

absorption

produced saliva which contains water to moisten food;

salivary glands

lubricate food for easy swallowing

mucin

common passage for air and feed

pharynx

a muscular tube which connects the stomach to the mouth; allows passage of food from mount to stomach

esophagus

a muscular organ which is the site for feed storage, grinding and mixing of feed, absorption, enzymatic action and microbial fermentation

stomach

an active site of digestion that receives secretions from the pancreas, liver and intestinal walls.

duodenum

middle section of IS that is involved in nutrient absorption.

jejunum

last section of the IS - also involved in nutrient absorption

ileum

converts starch to maltose

Pancreatic amylase

continue protein hydrolysis.

Proteolytic enzymes

Bile is produced by the liver, and stored and secreted by the gall bladder (not present in the horse). Bile aids digestion in the small intestine by emulsifying fat particles

organ not present in the horse

gall bladder

first section of LI which is relatively large in the horse and rabbit; when well developed as in the horse contains many bacterial which produced enzymes that digest fiber

cecum

middle section of the LI which is involved in reabsorpti n of water; length is related to amount of water reabsorption of water; length is related to amount of water reabsorption.

Colon

last section of the LI

Rectum

produces digestive enzyme needed in the digestive processes that take place in the small intestine

pancreas

secretes bile needed for the emulsification of fat in the small intestine

liver

a general term for those possessing a single stomach compartment

non - ruminant

ruminants can produce can all of the essential amino acids and B-complex vitamins

Mouth - esophagus - reticulo- rumen - omasum - abomasum - small intestine - large intestine - rectum - anus

process of regurgitation

rechewing, reinsalivation, and reswallowing

"balls" of feed out of masticated feed particles

bollus

the main site of microbial fermentation of feeds; the largest of the four compartments; located predominantly on the left side; the muscular walls secrete n,o enzymes and are covered by projections called papillae which are required for absorption of nutrients

rumen

Has 2 functions (1) to move food into the rumen or omasum and (2) collection of dense particles of food and in regurgitation of ingesta during rumination

reticulum

- A round muscular organ which contains many muscular laminae (sometimes called manyplies) - Further grinds and reduces the feed into finer particles before the feed enters the abomasum

omasum

- The true stomach of the ruminants

abomasum

direct milk obtained from sucking to escape microbial digestions in the rumen

Esophageal groove

the process which permits an animal to forage and ingest feed rapidly, then complete chewing at a later time

rumination

(belching of gas) allows for removal of large volumes of gas produced in the rumen

eructation

nephron consist of

glomerolus, Bowman's capsule, renal tubules, descending and ascending loop of Henle, and distal tubules

female immobile haploid gamete (sex cell)

ovum

Produces the ova and secretes the female sex hormone estrogen

ovary

Picks up the egg when released by the ovary at the time of ovulation -shpaed like a funnel

infundibulum

The site of fertilization and site of early embryonic development

oviduct / fallopian tube

The site of implantation and serves in a nutritive and productive capacity for the developing embryo

uterus

The neck of the uterus A passage way of semen and protects the uterus from foreign materials

cervix

A tube extending from the cervix down to the vulva Receives the penis in copulation

vagina

common passage for the baby and urine

vulva

rudimentary organ situated ventrally to the vulva -homologous to the glans penis in the male

clitoris

in birds the testis is located in the body cavity

tube that connects the vas efferentia to the vas deferens -place of maturation of the spermatozoa

epididymis

propels the spermatozoa from the epididymis to the urethra

vas deferens

common passage of semen and urine

urethra

enlarge portion of the vas deferens

ampulla

paired glands that produce high fructose secretion

seminal vesicles

unpaired gland that produce a viscous secretion that stimulates sperm activity (sperm odor)

prostate gland

a small paired gland located on either side of pelvic urethra

cowpeas gland

lifespan of sperm in chicken

14 days

indication that sexual maturity is reached

puberty

the interval from the beginning of one heat period (estrus) to the start of another heat period

estrous

the period between regression of the corpus luteum (CL) and estrus, when follicular develoPment is occurring and estrogen production is increasing;

proestrus

he period of sexual receptivity, due tJ high levels o estrogen;

estrus

the phase following estrus when the CL forms and begins to produce progesterone

metestrus

the phase when the CL is highly active in its production of progesterone

diestrus

the animal comes in heat only once a year; ex. Dogs

moestrous

comes in heat in certain seasons only; ex. Sheep

seasonally polyestrous

comes in heat throughout the year; ex. Cattle, swine, carabao

polyestrus

The best time to inseminate is towards the end of estrus.

Cattle and carabao - ovulation takes place about

15-18 hours from the end of estrus

estrus duration in carabao lasts from

5 -36 hours (18 hours average)

Swine - estrus duration is about

2-3 days

Mares - estrus duration is about

6 -7 days

the sperm cells reside in the female reproductive tract before becoming capable of attaching to and penetrating the ovum

sperm capacitation

a fertilized cell in which the genetic materials of the sperm and ovum are combined

zygote

both parents expel their gametes into another medium, such as water, without necessarily coming into contact with each other

esternal fertilization

the male deposits sperm inside the female reproductive tract.

internal fertilization

The embryo formed inside the female is deposited outside her body as an egg.

oviparity

The embryo develops inside the female body, although it still obtains all nourishment from the egg yolk. he young hatches fully develoiPed and are released from the female's body.

Ovoviviparity

The embryo develops inside the female's body and the young obtain their nourishment from the female's blood, rather than egg yolk.

Viviparity:

incubation period in quail

16-19

incubation period in pigeon

incubation period in chicken

incubation period in mallard duck

incubation period in turkey

incubation period in geese

incubation period in muscovy duck

incubation period in rabbit

incubation period in swine

114

incubation period in sheep

147

incubation period in goat

148

incubation period in cattle

incubation period in carabao

316

estrus in rabbit

15-20

estrus in swine

18-24

estrus in sheep

estrus in goat

20-21

estrus in cattle

estrus in carabao

22-24

the period of time from conception to birth of the offspring

gestation period

basic unit of protein

amino acid

basic unit of starch

glucose

cellulose

volatile fatty acids

basic unit of sucrose

glucose and fructose

basic unit of lactose

glucose and galactose

basic unit of lipids

fatty acid and glycerol

water makes up to ____ % of body weight at birth

65-85

water makes up to ____ % of body weight at maturity

60%

carbohydrate is made up of

C (40%), H (7%) and o (53%)

Fat will yield _____ times more energy than carbohydrates or proteins

2.25

fat is made up of

C (77%), H (12%) and O (11%)

catabolism of body tat

ketosis

location of fat

Subcutaneous, surrounding internal organs, Marbling and milk

protein is made up of

C (53%), H (7%), 0 (23%), N (16%) and P (1 %)

crude protein = %N x 6.25

refers to the amount and ratio of essential amino acids present in protein

protein quality

lsit of essential amino acids

Phenylalanine Methionine Valine Histidine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Arginine Leucine Lysine

list of non essential amino acids

Alanine Asparagines Aspartic Acid Cysteine Cystine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Hydroxyproline Proline Serine tyrrosine

The total mineral content olf plants or animals is often called

ash

major minerals

Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S

Trace minerals

Cu, Zn, Co, F, I, Fe, Mn, Se,

Essential for development of normal tissue necessary for metabolic activity but do not enter into structural portion of body

Vitamins

dat soluble vitamins

ADEK

water soluble vitamins

thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, folic acid

Promotes the development of visual pigments Indespensible for the protection of epithelial tissues

Vitamin A

Regulates the Incorporation of ca and P Into the bone matrix

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is also called

calciferol

works as a biological antioxidant Functions in nucleic acid metabolism and in endocrine glands

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is also called

Tocopherol

Functions in the blood coagulation system; Acts in the maturation of the bone structure

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is also called

menadione

Participates in the process of carbohydrates metabolism

Vitamin b1

Vitamin B1 is also called

thiamin

Acts in the respiratory chain as a constituent of the flavin enzymes concerned with hydrogen transfer

Vitamin B2

Vitamin B2 is also called

Riboflavin

Active in amino add metabolism as a coenzyme of several enzyme systems

vitamin B3

Vitamin B3 is also called

pyridoxine

Essential in the reduction of one-carbon compounds in the fat and protein metabolism

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is also called

cyanocobalamin

Necessary for gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis where it acts in carboxylation reactions

Biotin

Biotin is also called

Vitamin H

Acts In the one-carbon metabolism where It Is indispensable in the formation of amino acid and nucleic acids

Folic acid

Acts as an active group of different coenzymes which are related to the citric acid cycle

Nicotinic acid

Nicotinic acid is also called

niacin

Part of coenzyme A, which occupies a central position n the intermediary metabolism by activating weakly active acids

Panthotenic acid

Essential in the formation and maintenance of skeletal tissues participates as an oxidatio

Vitamin C

80% if body phosphorus is in the bones and teeth

As a component of the vitamin B12 molecule In the rumen synthesis of vitamin B12

Cobalt

Functions in Iron absroption hemoglobi nformation synthesis of keratin

Copper

Reduces incidence of dental caries in humans and possibly other animals.

Flourine

In the production of thyroxine by the thyr.oid gland

Iodine

Necessary for hemoglobin formation Essential for the formation of certain enzymes related to oxygen transport and utilization

Iron

In enzyme systems influencing estrus, ovulation, fetal development, uddeir development, milk production and growth and skeletal development.

manganese

As a component of enzyme xanthine oxidase - especially important to poultry for uric acid formation.

Molybdenum

Stimulates action of rumen organism In vitamin E absorption and utilization seem to work in concert with vitamin E in the maintenance of normal cell functions and membrane health

Selenium

Prevents parakeratosis Promotes general thriftiness and growth Promotes wound healing Related to hair and wool growth and health Deficienc im airs testicular rowth and function

ZInc

refers to the.- minimum energy expenditure to maintain essential life processes

Basal metabolism or Fasting Catabolism

A broiler starter and pig starter mashes may require more than 20% protein Whereas the hog/finisher mash may contain only 14% protein

The practical measure of growth performance of farm animals are

average daily gain in weight (ADG) and feed efficiency (F/G).

constitute a large portion of expenses in any livestock enterprise

list of roughages

Alabang X Centrosema/Kudzu/calopogonium Guinea grass Ipil-ipil Kakawate/madre de cacao Napier grass Para grass Star grass Rice straw Corn stover Setaria

List of concentrates

Banana meal Blood meal Bonemeal Casava meal Coconut oil Copra meal Corn grain Dicalcium phosphate Di-methionine Fish meal Limestone L- lysine Meat and bone meal Molasses Monodicalcium phosphate Oyster shell Rice bran Salt Sorghum Soubean oil meal Skimmilk Tricalcium phosphate Urea Wheat pollard/wheat bran Whey

Alabang X

Dicanthium aristatum

Guinea grass

Panicum maximum

Ipil-ipil

Leucaena Leucocephala

Kakawate/madre de cacao

Gliricidia septum

Napier grass

Pennisetum purpureum

Para grass

Brachiaria mutica

Star grass

Cynodon plectostachyus

most extensively used method for determining the nutritive value of feeds;

Proximate analysis/ Weende analysis

determined by accurately weighing finely ground sample before and after drying to constant weight at 105C for at least 5 hours

Moisture

a residue that includes all ether soluble substances such as waxes, essential oils, and pigments but is mostly fat and fatty acid esters

Crude fat

rough measure of the portion of carbohydrates poorly used by monogastric animals

Crude fiber

the total nitrogen multiplied by a factor 6.25 based on the data that protein contains as average of 16% nitrogen

Crude protein

the residue remaining after combustion

Ash

the branch of biology that deals with the principles of heredity and variation in all living things

genetics

e Father of Genetics; an Austrian monk who conducted breeding experiments on garden peas (Pisum sativum L.) ,

Gregor mendel (1866)

independently rediscovered the works of Mendel in 1901

Hugo de Vries (in the Netherlands), Carl Correns (in Germany) and Erick Von Tshermark (in Austria)

english biologist who studies the inheritance of certain characteristics of the chicken, showed that the Mendelian laws also applied to animals

William Bateson (1906)

Danish biologist, coined the term "gene"

Johannsen (1909)

two young scientists of Cambridge, University of England, hypothesized the chemical nature and function of the gene which is now universally accepted;

James Watson and Francis Crick (1956)

Improvement with the performance of the animals brought about by selection assuming that the environment is favourable

genetic improvement

what consists a nucleotide

phosphate (P), and sugar (S), and a base (B)

threadlike structures found in the nuclei of the cell

Chromosome

A segment of the DNA which determines the base sequence of nucleotide in the messenger ribonucleic acid (m-RNA) that makes up the code for a certain biological function

Gene

the mechanism of cell division by which the genetic and chromosome composition of a cell is faithfully reproduced in each of the daughter cells

mitosis

refers to the specific combination of genes that are associated with a particular characteristic of the individual

Genotype

the totality of non-genetic factors affecting the individual

Environment

the observable manifestation of a given character of an individual

Phenotype

Gene may be active only when they occur in pairs of alleles during the diploid phase.

Gene action

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene which are usually recognizable by the phenotype

Allele

directly responsible for the synthesis of certain biochemical products during cell metabolism

Structural genes

control or regulate the function of other genes

Regulator genes

a pair of allelic genes contribute independently to the genotypic value; Ex. Inheritance of the roan coat color in cattle

Additive

a gene suppresses the expression of its allele, the former is called the dominant gene while the later is referred to as the recessive gene

Dominance

interaction of between two or more genes so that one of them ( epistatic gene) interferes with or even inhibits he phenotypic expression of the other gene (hypostatic gene)

Epistasis

allows the flow of the genetic material from generation to generation

animal reproduction

the process of producing the reproductive cells

gemetogenesis

the process of differentiation of a mature sperm cell from an undifferentiated germ line cell, including meiosis;

Spermatogenesis

the process of differentiation of a mature egg cell from an undifferentiated germ line cell, including meiosis;

Oogenesis

mature reproductive cell capable of fusing with a similar cell of the opposite sex to form a zygote; also called sex cell

Gamete

the male gametes of animals

Spermatozoa

the female gamete

Ovum

the fusion of two gametes of opposite sexes to form a zygote or an embryo

fertilization

The process of segregation and recombination of genes is governed purely by chance and that the occurrence of each new combination may be predicted according to the rules of Probability.

The Mendelian inheritance

states that the unit of hereditary characters occur in pairs, and that in the information of gametes during meiosis, these separate from each other so that only one member of the pair goes into the particular gamete

Alw of segregation

states that genes for the different characters are inherited independently from each other and randomly combine during meiosis

Law of independence

a measure of the tendency of some genes to be inherited as a group rather than individually because of the proximity of their loci in the chromosome

Linkage

A place at which gene resides on the genetics or linkage map

Locus

carry genetic material but do not determine sex

Autosomes

determine the sex of the individual

Sex chromosomes

genes that are located in the sex chromosomes

Sex-linked genes

Sex linked traits

Haemophilia, Color blindness, Barrign plumage pattern, dwarfism

the totality of genes that could potentially be transmitted by individuals in a population to the next generation

gene pool

A group of individual sharing a common gene pool

population

the genetic composition of most populations is in a flux

statement that in an indefinitely large population undergoing random mating, the and genotypic frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (1908)

a state of a population where no change may occur

equilibrium population

process in which certain genotypes contribute more progeny in the next generation than other genotypes

selection

a spontaneous change in the biochemical structure of the gene resulting in an entirely different phenotypic effect.

mutation

Because of certain physical, physiological or psychological factors, some individuals tend to mate more often together than with some other individuals

individuals that are more phenotypically similar tend to mate more often

assortative non-random mating

individuals which are less phenotypically similar tend to mate more other together than would be expected by chance;

Disassortative matings:

individuals that are related by descent tend to mate more often than under random mating;

inbreeding

economically important traits of beef cattle

post weaning rate and marbling

economically important traits of dairy cattle

milk and butter yields, and milk total solids

economically important traits of goat

multiple births. weaning weight, and milk yield

economically important traits of sheep

fleece weight and fiber diameter

economically important traits of horse

galloping and trotting speed and length, and jumping style

A record of an individual's ancestors related to it through its parents

pedigree

Process in which some individuals are chosen over others as parents of the next generation

selection

Measures the proportion of the total phenotypic variance that are attributable to the additive effects of genes that influence the given trait

heritability

In general, traits that are associated with reproduction (e.g., fertility and litter size) have lower heritabilities than those that are associated with physical conditions (e.g., body weight and backfat thickness).

heritability of spotting

heritability of adult body weight

heritability of milk production

heritability of percent of ham

heritability of litter size

heritability of egg size

heritability of chiken adult body weight

heritability of egg production

The mating between animals of different established breed

cross breeding

increase the rate of reproduction of the females that are selected to serve as embryo donors to as much as 30 to SO times

Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)

a process by which the female animals is induced to simultaneously ovulate more eggs than what is normally shed

Multiple ovulation

a technique wherein a young embryo is collected from a donor female parent and then implanted into the uterus of a recipient female parent

Embryo transfer

Slaughtering steps

stunning, bleeding up to skinning and evisceration

butchering steps

splitting and quartering, to cutting the carcass into the retail cuts

less than seven months boar is fit for slaughter.

Barrows and gifts have no distinct differences in meat quality.

Meats from castrated hogs are fatter than their female and uncast rated male counterparts of the .same age.

recommended age of swine

6-12 mos

recommended age for cattle

3 years

recommended age for goat

a year

In beef, marbling increases up to 30 months but beyond this age limit, it is already stationary.

Beyond 42 months of age, meat from young and old animals is already equal in terms of tenderness'.

recommended fw for pigs

80 - 110 kg

recommended fw for cattle

300- 450 kg

are utilized for the production of quality lechon or roasted pigs

shotes

The average dressing percentage of swine in the Philippines, head off is about

69%

the total trimmed lean cuts amount to

36%

beef and carabeef dressing percentage

48%

total lean yield of beef and carabeef

34 and 33%

dressing percentage and lean yield of goats

43 and 27%

dressing percentage and lean yield of goats

43 and 27%

indicative of high lean cut and low fat cut yields

wide loin eye

fat percentage for comminuted products

30-40%

Feed is withdrawn but sufficient water is given

fasting

cut the arteries 3-5 minutes after stunning

cutting of the entire backbone of the carcass

splitting

done by qualified meat inspector to determine if the meat is fit for human consumption

post-mortem inspection

the carcass chilled at 0-4°c for 24 hours before fabrication to allow the rigor mortis to pass

dipping the carcass in hot water to loosen up hairs and scarf; the water temperature must be maintained at 54 to 84°c;

removal of hair using a scraping knife

scraping

chilling in swine takes

12-24 hours

chilling in cattle and carabao takes about

36 -48 hours

the process of stunning and sticking in the singed method is followed but the skin is not utilized for food.

Flayed method

properly dressed flesh derived from mature animals in good condition at the time of slaughter

meat

the body of any slaughteired animal after bleeding and dressing

carcass

the cross sectional area of the longissimus dorsi muscle of pork/beef.

loin ear area

meat from an animal that has not undergone any substantial physical, microbiological and chemical change from the time of change

fresh meat

the amount, character and distribution of fat in the carcass.

finish

cuts of pork composed of the loin, ham and shoulder

lean cuts

Cuts of meat handled in small quantities and which may be prepared for the table without further cutting and trimming

retail cuts

meat cuts that are handled in bulk and usually require further cutting before these are prepared for the table.

wholesale cuts

weight of a cut of meat in its fresh state before curing or processing

green weight

uncured smoked hanns

green hams

any mark or stamp approved by the controlling authority

brand

formation of green color in the skin and other collagenous tissues as a result of excess nitrite

greening

hazard analysis critical control points the fat granules

HACCP

meat deboned before the development of rigor mortis

Hot boned meat

meat from an unaccredited slaughterhouse, or obtained from illegal source of meat

hot meat

ox, one year old and above

beef

carabao beef

carabeef or caraveal

goat meat

chevon

horse meat

sheep meat, less than one year old

lamb

sheep meat, one year old and above

mutton

pig meat

pork

ox meat, less than one year old

veal

deer meat

venison

meat is composed of

lean, fat, bones and connective tissues

meat is defficient in calcium

cutting carcasses into standard wholesale and retail cuts

meat fabrication

to firm up the meat and check on the growth of microorganisms (2-4 C for 24 hrs)

chilling

removes excess fat, parts with blood clot and bruises; includes deboning when necessary

trimming

curing ingredients are applied (rubbed) i n dry form; ex. Tocino,tapa,bacon

dry cure method

imilar to dry cure but the ingredients are dissolved in water; ex. Corned beef, chicken ham

sweet pickle method

Ingredients are dissolved in water and injected to the meat; ex. Cured ham

all injection method

injection method is combined with either dry cure or sweet pickle method; ex. Cured ham

combination method

Relatively good dairy cows in the Philippines and in most of the tropics correspondingly yield only about

8-12kg a day

A common "rule of thumb" is to feed one kg of reasonably good concentrate mixture for every 2.5 kg of milk in excess of 5 kg if the forage is of good quality.

milk is composed mainly of

water, fat, protein, lactose, and ash

milk is a rich source of calcium, riboflavin (B2), vitamin B12, iodine and phosphorus contains all the essential amino acids

he most abundant protein constituent of milk.

casein

milk protein is composed of globulins, casein and lactalbumin.

is the most variable milk constituent.

milk fat

a sugar of milk

lactose

process of heating milk to a certain temperature for a certain period of time required to destroy any pathogenic microorganisms

pasteurization

Whole milk ► Upon drying: whole milk powder ► Upon sepration: cream and skim milk

Cream ► Upon churning: butter and buttermilk

Butter ► Upon evaporation: butteroil or anhydrous milk

Buttermilk ► Upon drying: buttermilk powder

Skimmilk ► Upon drying: skimmilk powder or non fat dry milk ► Upon acidification or additioin of rennet: cheese (add case·n) and whey

Whey ► Upon drying: whey powder

whole milk from which about 60% 0f the water has been removed and contains not less than 25.8% total milk solids and 7.8% milk fat

Evaporated milk

milk which has been treated in such a manner as to ensure break-up of the fat granules

homogenized milk

The principal factor affecting egg shell quality is

dietary calcium

Low dietary calcium levels, less than 2.0 percent, decrease egg shell quality in chickens.

popular poultry species

Chicken Duck Quail

fowl order that don't have true phallus (copulatory organ), v-shaped breast

galliformes

fowl order that have true phallus, v shaped breast

anseriformes

v shaped breast

phallus

fowl order that have flat breast

struthioformes

fowl order that secrete milk

columbiformes

chicken SI

Gallus gallus

Mallard duck SI

Anas platyrynchos

Muscovy duck SI

Cairina moschata

Turkey SI

meleagris gallopavo

Quail SI

coturnix coturnix

Pigeon SI

columba livia

Geese SI

cygnopsis cygnoides

Swan SI

olar columbianos

Ostrich SI

Struthio australis

Peafowl SI

Pavo cristatus

Pheasant SI

Phasianus colchicus

Guinea fowl SI

Numida meleagris

The exact ancestry of the present-day chicken is not known

a native of Southeast Asia.

Red jungle fowl.

(gray jungle fowl)

Gallus sonerati

Ceylonese jungle fowl

Gallus /afayetti

Javan jungle fowl

Gallus varius

Hen of the wild jungle fowl is 0.9 kg in weight and lays only a few eggs

Modern hen weighs 1.5 to 2.0 kg at 6 weeks of age and lays as much 320 eggs

A group of chicken processing certain conformation or shape of body that distinguishes then from other chikens

breed

a group of chiken that has the same plumage color and type of comb

variety

a group of chicken within a vriety that has constatnt specific sections of certain traits

strain

exampleo f egg class chikens

laghorn, minorcas, anconas, mikawa

examples of meat class chicken

brahmas, cochin, langshans, cornish and white rocks

examples of general purpose class chicken

new hampshire, rhode islang red, ply mouth rock, lancaster, nagoya and cantonese

examples of fancy class chicken

frizzle, bantams, long tailed

example of fightin class chicken

ruble, hulsey, claret and oasis

classficiation of chiken of which they are classified according to their geeographical origin

standard classification

american class chicken examples

Plymouth Rock, Wyandottes, Rhodes Island Reds, New Hampshire, Land Caster

examples of asiatic class chicken

Brahmas, Cochin, Langshang, Cantonese, Nagoya.

examples of mediterranean class chicken

Leghorn, Minorcas, Anconas

Mediterranean origin are of the egg type breeds

There are 189 varieties and about 40 breeds of chickens recognized by the American poultry association as of 1953 based on registry.

Egg production is the older scheme of poultry production engaged in by many research.

Broiler chicks are grown for a period of only about 6 to 7 weeks.

The organ in the wall of the cloaca that places the sperm inside the female's reproductive tract

papilla

Receives yolk from ovary, where sperm is stored, and fertilization takes place

infundibulum

Secretes the thick white of the egg (3 Hours)

magnum

2 shell membranes are placed around the yolk and thick white (1 ¼ Hours)

isthmus

Thin white and outer shell are added to the egg (20 Hours)

uterus

Completed egg is stored for a short time till laid (Total: 25-27 Hours)

vagina

A hen who is laying on her eggs is referred to as

broody

temperature and humidity for egg incubation

97-102- 60%

Eggs are turned 3-5 times daily to prevent embryo from sticking to the inside of the shell

candlign is done in 4th or 5th day - to remove infertile eggs 13th day or 14th day and on the 18th day - remove dead embryos

brooding lasts for

4 weeks

type of brooder that is composed of compartment called tiers constructed on top of another, each compartment equipped with separate heater and provisions for feeding and drinking

battery type brooder

type of brooder that can be elevated slatted floor

cage brooder

temperature for chicken growing period

75 or cooler

first few days of brooding, lighting the chicks throughout the night (24 hours light) is favorable for growth because there is eating time if food is available.

sources of heat for crooders

electricity LPG Infrared lamp kerosene lamp charcoal

Never increase light during growing period and never decrease light during the laying period

small eggs is also called

pullet eggs

Under local conditions where there is only slight variation in day length, it is recommended day must not exceed 11 - 12 hours during the growing stage (4 - 18 weeks) of the developing pullets.

The addition of 5-10% of sugar in the drinking water can be done for the first 6 - 8 hours during the arrival of the day old chick (DOC)

medication for day old chicks

mareks vaccine (mass method /spray)

medication for 5-12 day old chiken

NCD or avian pest vaccine (Intranasal or introcular)

medication for 21 day old chiks

NCD (via drinking water)

medication ofr 6-8 week chicken

fowl pox (wing web method)

his is a system of raising poultry where the birds are provided w/ shed or housing & an area to graze or pasture.

sem; -confjnement system

the modern trend in raising commercial strains.

complete - confinement

more land area required, this system is commonly practice by native chicken growers & by duck raisers

Range System

Birds tend to lay eggs early when feed of high protein content.

6 -14 weeks / Grower ration / 16% protein

14 - 20 weeks / Pullet developer ration / 14% protein

completely full feed wastage

30%

2/3 full feed wastage

10%

1/2 full feed wastage

1/3 full feed wastage

Feeding through should not be filled more than 1/3 to prevent feed wastage. The feeder should be replenished 3-4 times a day to stimulate feed consumption.

The surest sign of sexual maturity is the laying of the 1st egg.

4 to 6 weeks old; slatted or litter floor

brooder house

4 or 6 weeks old to 14-16 wks. Old; slatted or litter-floor

growing house

14-16 wks onwards;

layer house

Layer ration will generally contain a 15-18% protein level.

Mature laying hens will consume about as low as 90 grams to as high as 140 grams a day.

The egg is about 65 to 70 % water.

Oviposition (the act of egg laying) takes place normally as early as 7:00 a.m to as late as 4:00 p.m.

Programs of replacement can vary from a set of one flock every 3 months

Feed is the biggest item in the operational cost.

Only broiler of one being raised and all of them are sold at the same time.

All-in-all out system

Two age groups of broiler are being kept in the farm.

Two stage operation

Two age groups of broiler are being kept in the farm.

Two stage operation

This is similar to the two stage broiler operation except that there should be more units to facilitate as many stages or accommodate various ages of broilers

Multiple stage broiler operation

Broilers strains marketed in the Philippines

a. Anak 2000 d. Cobb g. Peterson b . Anak 180 e. Pilch h. Ross c. Arbor acre f. Starbro i . Avian

moratlity rate fo broiler production 5%

dressing percentage of broiler

70%

is a wild hog of continental Europe from which most domestic swine have been derived.

sus scrofa

was the chief, if not the only species of the East Indian pig that contributed to domestic swine.

sus vittatus

Luzon Warty pig SI

Sus philippinensis

Palawan Bearded pig SI

Sus barbatus

-It is known as the longest breed of swine ( 16 to 17 ribs). -This breed is known for its prolificacy and mothering ability under Philippine condition. -Weak legs and pasterns especially on the hind leg

Landrace

First Landrace swine was developed in Denmark for the production of high quality bacon

-They not only farrow or raise large litters, but are greet milkers. -are relatively short and with big belly and they tend to develop carcasses with excess back fat. -entirely white in color.

Yorkshire or largewhite

-Is considered a superior breed in terms of growth rate and feed efficiency. It has a good muscle quality and is probably the most resistant to stress. -Unsound front and hind legs that may lead to stiff gilt or lameness are also encountered in some animals.

Duroc

The Duroc breed of hogs had its origin in the eastern United States and in the Corn Belt.

-This breed may be appropriately called the "muscle" pigs because it is well known for its outstanding muscle development in the ham, loin and shoulder. -The backfat is very thin. The motherly ability is well within acceptable level.

Pietrain

-The msot striking characteristic is the white belt around the shoulder and body including the foreleg. -Feed efficiency, length and ham-loin percent of this breed is excellent. -Low liter size at birth and at weaning, poor mothering ability and latte maturing

Hampshire

The color is black with six white points, four white feet, one point on the forehead; and another on the switch of the tail. short and sometimes upturned nose

Berkshire

- South-western Ohio in the fertile area known as the Miami Valley. It is also known as the "Hot Type" of "big Type Poland China." -is black in color with six distinct white points, the four feet, poll of the head and switch of the tail.

Poland of China

-From China, considered Taihu pigs, deriving their name from the Taihu Lake * Slow growing and fat, but have a very good taste, resistant to some diseases -known for its wrinkled face and skin. -perhaps one of the most prolific breeds of pig in the world

meishan

upgrade of native pigs (Batangas) with Berkshire

diani

upgrade of native pig (Batangas) with Duree

kaman

5/8 Berkshire and 3/8 Jalajala pig (Rizal)

berkjala

½ Large White ¼ Landrace ¼ Native

miracle pig

Do not have distinguishing physical characteristics which differentiate them from other group of pigs.

Hybrid pigs or synthetic breeds

examples of hybrid pigs

Babcock, Camborough, Cotswold, Hyper, Seghers, Minnesota No.1, Nieuw Dalland

This type of operation starts with a pregnant gilt/sow to produce pigs weanlings, which are sold to other raisers who grows then until the marketable weight is achieved.

Farrow to feeder operation

This type of operation starts with a pregnant gilt/sow to produce pigs weanlings, which are sold to other raisers who grows then until the marketable weight is achieved.

Farrow to feeder operation

The producer in this type of operation also starts with a pregnant gilt/sow to produce the breeders stocks, specifically junior boars and replacement gilts.

Farrow to finish operation

The swine raiser in this type of operation starts with feeder/weanlings and carries them to slaughter, weight of about 80 to 90 kg.

Growing-Finishing Enterprise

The producer in this type of operation starts with a young boar, which he grows and trains to breeder age.

Board-for-Hire-Enterprise

A board will generally produce 1 5 to 20 times as many offspring per year as do breeding female in the herd.

A period of at least 1 to 2 months before the breeding season begins is enough time for the boar to get adjusted to the new environmental

characteristic of a good boar

-At least 6 pairs of rudimentary teats (NOT FUNCTIONAL), not inverted -2 big equally-sized testicles (NOT 2 PAIRS) -Strong legs -Strong slightly arched back -Toes not uneven (NO SMALL INSIDE TOE)

provides an opportunity to observe the new boars sexual behavior and his ability to serve the '{lilt normally.

Test Mating

Feed boars 2.3 to 3.0 kg of ration with 13 to 14% crude protein.

In the tropics, voluntary water consumption may be as h1gh as 4 to 5 liters of water per kg of air-dry feed

The pen measurement is 0.6 m x 2.1-m with a height of 1 . 1 meters. If the boar pen doubles as the service area, "allow between 5 to 7 square meters of floor area.

A boar should start serving at 8 months of age.

junior boar breeding frequency

day - 1 week - 5

senior boar breeding frequency

day - 2 week - 7

In a multiple farrowing program, the recommended number of boars needed for a given sow population is as follows: a. Two ervices per sow per heat period. 15 sows or less - One boar if boar is at least 15 months old 15 - 25 sows - Two boars b. One service per heat period 20 sows or less - One boar if young boar 30 sows or less - One boar if boar is at least 15 months.

Under good management, sows have tremendous capability to produce 2.3 liters per year or over 20 pigs annually.

Plan to replace 40 to 55 percent of your herd annually, if your herd age is five litters or less.

Increasing the daily feed intake of gilts by 0.5 kg to 1.0 kg for 10 to 14 days before service

Flushing

Breed gilt at eight months and at 110-120 kg.

Each sow should be served twice. Boars that serve twice in a day with a day rest between breeding, an allowance should be made for one boar a sow during the week.

The operator checks for heat and takes the female in heat to the boar

hand mating

a boar runs with a group of females.

Pen-mating

The operator should approacti the sow from behind and rub her sides and thigh.

Haunch-Pressure Test:

This technique is applied by ridi g or merely pressing the back of the animal.

Riding-the back-test

This test is particularly important in artificial insemination although it can be applied in naturalbreeding.

semen-on-the-snout test:

Allowing a boar but preferably one that has been vasectomized to mount the sow.

Teaser boar

Use of chomping sounds of the boar

Sound Test

The estrous cycle of pigs ranges from 17 to 24 days, with an average of 21 days

normal gestation length of the swine is 114 days with a range of 109 to 119 days. Or simply put, 3 months, 3 weeks & 3 days.

Be careful when mixing gilts with mature sows and keep group size at no more than five or six per pen.

Normally, 1.8 to 2.3 kg of balanced 14 percent crude protein ration will meet the daily nutrient requirements and free of heavy parasite infestation.

The growth of the developing embryos increases rapidly in the final third of pregnancy.

The greater demand for feed in the last trimester of pregnancy can be satisfied by increasing the level of feeding to at least 15 percent level of 2.0 kg for primigestation and light multigestation sows, and 100/o for the fully grown or heavy multigestation sows.

The weight loss at farrowing (litter weight and fluids) is about

22-27 kg

A sow body weight should be about 163 kg after weaning for each successive reproductive cycle.

Sows to farrow are seen through a facility in a continues flow with no break f r total room sanitation.

Continues farrowing

Sows to farrow are seen through a facility in a continues flow with no break f r total room sanitation.

Continues farrowing

Groups of sows due to farrow during the week are brought into individual roomsc ove a short time period.

All in. All Out Batch Farrowing System

Deworm sows 10 to 14 days before transferring them to the farrowing stalls.

The presence of milk when the teats are stripped indicates that the sow will farrow within 24 hours.

difficulty in giving birth

dystocia

difficulty in giving birth

dystocia

Causes of Difficulty on Birth ► Lack of uterine intertia - 37% ► Fetal Impression - 35.5% ► Obsturction of the Birth Canal - 13.0% ► Deviation of the Uterus - 9.5% ► Hysteria - 3% ► Oversized fetus - 4%

Inflammation or Infection of the Uterus

Metritis

Inflammation of the Udder

Mesatitis

Inadequate Supply of Milk

Agalactica

Usually it takes about 7 days from farrowing for milk production and feed requirements of the piglets to justify liberal feeding of the sow

Recommended level of air dry feed/head/day for lactating sows and gilts

4.5-5kg

A sow with 12 suckling pigs should receive 2.0 kg feed for maintenance plus 1.0 kg for every three piglets in the litter or a total of 6.0 kg per day.

straw bedding is still the most effective means of providing the baby pigs with comfortable environment

Correct environmental temperature is most critical during the first 6 days of post natal life when the thermal -insulation of the pig is at its lowest. - The capacity of the pig to regulate body temperature starts to improve gradually only on the 7tri day onwards up to the 201t1 day when full important to provide the baby pigs supplemental heat to prevent serious losses from chilling

baby pigs prefer a temperature ranging from 30-31 C

Tie the umbilicus about 1 to 2 inches from the base with a sterile thread

Pigs are born with 4 pairs oif sharp teeth (two on each jaws) called "black" teeth

is major problem in many commercial s ine farms in the country.

tail biting

- This is one of the most/ common method used in identifying individual pigs in the litter. -It compromises of cutting a V shaped notch/es on specific places along the borders of the ear

Earnotching

It consist of piercing outlines of desired numbers or figures on the skin inside ear and the incorporating a black vegetables pigment into their punctures.

Tattooing

Tags or labels are made up of light metal or strong plastic with the number stamped on them. Tags are fixed generally to the ear with a special tagging forceps

Ear Tagging

This disease is brought about by a deficiency iron due to inefficient placental and mammary transfer of iron to the piglets

Baby pig anemia

This disease is brought about by a deficiency iron due to inefficient placental and mammary transfer of iron to the piglets

Baby pig anemia

Paleness of gums, eyelids, lips and skin)

Pallor

(deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissue of the body)

Anoxia

(accumulation of serious fluid in the abdomen)

Ascites

The removal of the primary sex organ of the male is done when the pigs are about two weeks from birth or earlier.

Castration

In traditional weaning the pigs are weaned at 8 to 10 weeks of age which has been the usual practice in the past.

In conventional weaning the pigs are usually weaned at 5 or 6 to 7 weeks of age.

Early weaning as prescribed by the progressive commercial swine operators, entails weaning at 3 to 4 weeks of age.

Included under the very early weaning (VEW) category is artificial rearing (1 to 2 days weaning) and weaning from a few days (3 to 7 days) from birth to2 weeks

The period from weaning to a slaughter weight of about 80 o 100 kilograms.

Growing finishing stage

The most common cause of mortality and weight setbacks in weaning pigs

Scour Control (Diarrhea

the most commoll mite, burrow into the upper two-thirds of the dermis.

S. Scabiet

The mites live in the hair follicles and cause a pimple like lesion.

Demodex phylloides

The major parasites in pigs

S. Scabiet and Demodex phylloides

for hog cholera Growing-finishing pigs are best-vaccinated 2 weeks after weaning or 1 week after deworming

Giving feeds without restriction and always available at any time.

Ad libitum feeding. Giving feeds without restriction and

Controlled amount of feed given to the animals.

Restricted feeding

Fed ad lib until they reach the weight of SO kg and fed restricted until they are marketed. Maximizing the advantage of the growth curve.

Type of Crude Protein Requirement Ration (NRC, 1998) Creep 2 2 - 23% Pre-starter 1 9 - 20% Starter 1 7 - 18% Grower 15 - 16% Finisher 1 3 - 14% Gestating 13 - 14% Lactating 1 5 - 16% Boar 16%

Goat Scientific name

Capra hircus

Known as "biological herbicide" due to its browsing ability

goat

goats Diet: 40% grasses and 60% torbs (shrubs and herbs

Sheep Scientific name

Ovies aries

also known as Biological lawn mover

sheep

sheep is Less selective of feed offered than goats

chormosome number of goat

chromosome number of sheep

scent gland of sheep is located in hooves

scent gland of goat is located in horn and tail

goats are multi-purpose ruminants producing 58.4% milk, 35.6% meat, 4.3% hide and 1.7% fiber

originated in Barbados Island with African Ancestry; adapted to wide range of environment; high reproductive efficiency; hair type: sweet mutton; black colors covers under parts completely extending up the neck and down the insides of the legs.

Barbados Black Belly

originated in Indonesia; primarily for ram fighting and meat; thin-tailed; often lacks external ears

Priangan

originated in England; wool-type; believed to be as one of the ancestors of the Philippine sheep

Shropshire-

originated in England; wool-type; meat, dark colored feces and legs

Suffolk

originated in Spain; finest wool producer; the other ancestor of Philippine sheep

Merino

basically a tropical breed successfully adopted grow in the Western countries, distinguishing features are drooping pendulous ears and a Roman nose.

Anglo-Nubian

re intended to be raised for eat and they grow more rapidly than other goat breeds. They have a lightcolored body and a distinction red head.

Boer Goats-

originated in Switzerland, pure white to off-white in color and has the highest milk production among goats

saanen

from Switzerland, smaller than the Nubian and Saanen, distinguishing feature are markings on the face, legs and tails; erect ears like the Saanen.

Toggenburg

also a European breed; color range from off-white to red to black.

Alpine

from Spain/Oregon; very distinctive ear types " gopher ears", "elf ear"

La Mancha

It is recommended to have a minimum of two purebred or crossbreed bucks of different breeds

general buck male ratio in goats

1:35

In the Philippines, does come in-heat year round with an average kidding interval of about 8 to 9 months.

Goats can be expected to live up to 13 to 15 years, with an average economic lifespan of 6 to 8 years

Reproductive parameters of goat conception rate (80) kidding rate (8MOS) average kidding size (1.5) disposal age (1 year) annual replacement rate (20%) livability rate (to 1 yr age )

ventilation is of utmost importance in goats

goat become ssexually mature at the age of

five

goat become in heat every

18-24 days or 21 days

estrous duration in goats

18 hours

male to female ration in goats

1:25

age at first breeding female and male goat

8-12 months_ 10-12 months

difficult of delivery

dystocia

Does weaned early (4 to 5 days) usually return to heat after 1 to 2 months.

If goat male kids are to be raised for meat, castrate as early as possible, preferably within the first month

Separate males from females at the age of four months. Goats sometimes reach puberty at this age.

The following are some reproductive characteristics of goats: Age of Puberty 4 to 8 months Cycle of type Polyestrus Cyde of Length 18 to 21 days Duration of heat 2-3 days(secondary heat 8-12 days after Gestation Period 150 ± 5 days

Failure to come in heat

anestrus

at national Rural Life Center (NLRC)) in Dasmariiias, Cavite where the kid goat, A. 1 was born.

A dehorned animal is more docile than a horned one.

the traditional way of rearing goat in the backyard with two or more households.

tethering

the traditional way of rearing goat in the backyard with two or more households.

tethering

Parasites rank second in causing heavy mortality. From experience, tapeworms are the most debilitating worm problem in all ages of

Protozoa-like coccidia and amoeba are also commo0n problems especially in young kids.

Common Infection diseases o,f Goat

Bacterial Pneumonia Infectious Arthritis Mastitis HMD Brucellosis Hemorrhagic Septicemia Blackleg Tetanus Parasitic Gastroentiritis Parasitic Pneumonia Tapeworm Infection Liverfluke Infestation Lice Infestation Mange Bloat Acute Indigestion or Grain Overload

Fever vesicles, erosion in between hooves, coronary band junction between skin and hoop, teats and udders oral mucosa and tongue. -Raw ulceration follow rupture of vesicles, stingy or foamy salvation, smocking of the lips, difficulty in feed ingestion; staggering gait and lameness. Abortion in poregnant animals

HMD

-Infertility, abortion, retained placenta, persistent vaginal discharge. In males, swollen and painful testicles with subsequent infertility sterility

Brucellosis

-High fever, loss of appetite. -Respiratory distress, salivation, nasal discharge, swelling of throat6 and brisket congestion of mucous membrane, diarrhea becoming bloody later.

Hemorrhagic Septicemia

-Typically, not painful swelling in thigh and leg muscles. Crackling sensation on palpitation of swelling due to gas in tissues.

Blackleg

-Early stages characterize by rigidity and stiffness of muscles, stilthy gait. -Late stages: with tetanic convulsions, prolapse of third eyelid, stiff tail, head and neck thrown back; hyperexcitability

Tetanus

marked itchiness and irritation with animals constantly rubbing or licking affected areas

Mange

swolen left flank which his resonant when tapped

bloat

The beef cattle industry is one of the least develop among the livestock and poultry industries in the country.

Backyard farms accounts for 92% of the total inventory; 8% are in commercial farms

to produce stockers and feeders. - The initial and most fundamental step in the beef enterprise is the production of the claves and raising it to weaning age

cow-calf operation

to produce breeder stocks to be sold to other ranchers. Highly specialized form of beef production.

Purebred Program or Breeder Farm Operation

to add weight to the animal and increase its value

Feedlot Fattening Operation

In Batangas, force feeding (supa or supak) of feed mixture is a common practice among backyard cattle raisers

Modern Cattle SI

Aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius)

India thought to be the homeland of primitive cattle which latef expanded to Eurasia and North Africa.

cattle From mountains of Tibet Some regions of middle Asia South Siberia

Yak (Poephagus grunniens)

cattle from India, Malay archipelago and Indochina, particularly Burma. (B banteng) or Ban cattle (B frontalis) or gayal

Genus Bibos

cattle Of Europe origin such as Shorthorn or Jersey. Without humps and therefore of temperate origins.

Bos taurus

cattle Of tropical origin such as the Brahman or Zebu of India or Afrikander of Africa. Hump cattle

Bos indicus

Characteristics of Zebu breeds as compared to temperate breeds: * Large hump over top of shoulder and neck * Large pendulous ears * Dewlap having large amounts of excess skin * Highly developed sweat glands (perspire more freely) * Oily secretion from the sebaceous glands

There are 278 identifiable breeds of cattle worldwide

In the Philippines, the most impact was carried through the Brahman

christopher Columbus and others brought cattle to the New World. They were valued mainly for milk, butter, hides and work

e only Southeast Asian breeder of the beefalo.

Mathling Corporation of Lanao del Sur

Quantitative traits show discontinuous variations ✓ Coat color ✓ Homed or polled ✓ Certain blood characteristic - Blood types - Presence or absence of particular enzymes

Quantitative traits show continuous variations between the extremes. The mean types among the characteristics are most frequent to change. These are: ✓ Growth rate ✓ Liveweight ✓ Body measurements and maturity ✓ Milk yield ✓ Milk composition

Heritability 1.00 - show that variations observed in the population of the traits is determined by genetics. 0.00 - variations observed in the population of the traits is entirely due to environment 0.50 - variation is equally due to genetic and environment.

Are defined as several types of mating to combine desirable qualitative and quantitative characteristics through mating systems which are planned or non-random.

breeding systems

this means each possible mating in a population has the same probability or occurrence.

Random mating (or unplanned

mating of closely related individuals within a breed.

Inbreeding

Effects of Inbreeding. 1. Marked decrease in fertility 2. Reduces vigor 3. Decrease in growth rate of offspring. 4. Reduces viability of the offspring

matings of close relatives e.g., father - daughter, son - mother, brother, sister

Close breeding

matings of close relatives e.g., father - daughter, son - mother, brother, sister

Close breeding

reeding of not so close relatives, ex, cousins. This is a form mild inbreeding designed to concentrate the genes of a certain ancestor of the genetic constitution of the progeny

Line breeding

a very mild form of inbreeding which leads to increase homozygousity within the strain in the long term.

Strain breeding

meeting of individuals from two or more established purebreds.

crossbreeding

the average quality of the first generation exceeding the average of the two parental breeds.

Hybrid vigor

s displayed mainly in the fitness traits, fertility and viability.

Heterosis

two or more breeds are involved in a breeding program lasting several years. This way, a crossbred which may eventually stabilized into a breed

Systematic crossbreeding

the mating of purebred sires to nondescript or native female and their offspring generation after generation.

Upgrading

Sexual Maturity (bulls/heifer)

6-8 months

Estrus Cycle of cattle

18-24 days (Ave: 21 days)

Estrus duration cattle

Exotic/ European breeds- 14-18 hrs. Indigenous/Zebu- 10-12 hrs.

ovulation period of cattle

10-14 hrs after end of estrus

AVERAGE parturition time of cattle

283 days

Bull Ejaculate: 2- 12ml of 500 or more sperm cells/ml Sperm cells survive the oviduct up to a maximum of 48 hrs.

AI Guideline (cattle): "Females observed in estrus in the morning, are inseminated late afternoon of the same day. Those observed in the afternoon, are inseminated not later than noon time the next day.

percent of breeding females that conceived versus the total exposed females.

Conception rate (Pregnancy)

percent of breeding females that give birth versus the total exposed females.

Calving Rate

the average length of time (in days) between successive calving.

Calving Interval

Is the natural cheapest feeds for ruminants and includes not only grasses but also legumes.

Forages

Is the natural cheapest feeds for ruminants and includes not only grasses but also legumes.

Forages

Unlike in developed countries, little amount of grain is fed ruminants locally. Copra meal, rice bran, wheat polla d are commonly used by-product concentrates, contain from 20% as in case of molasses to 21 % in copra meal.

The following guidelines are re,commended for safe use of urea. Add fertilizer grade urea at not more than: A) 1 %of the ration (Om basis) B) 2.3% of the concentrate mixture, (air-dry basis) or C) 25.30% of the total dietary protein

Herd division ensures the appropriate nutrition of various age groups of the herd.

is the manual examination of the reproductive tract by way of the rectum and colon to verify pregnancy in cattle.

Palpation

b. Grower - are usually maintained at the pasture with very little attention. They are given salt and mineral supplement. c. Fatteners - require a shorter period to reach slaughter weight. They are generally bigger, mature, or nearing maturity. However, one and a half to two year-old animals weighing 200- 300 kg are preferred. They may be fattened either in feedlot, on pasture, or both areas.

Branding with hot iron is the most common method of identifying cattle. The owner brand is placed on the animals left foreleg.

Castration- the slit and the cap methods are both effective ways of surgically removing testifies. Bloodless castration can also be done with Burdizzo pinchers or emasculator.

*Castration in cattle tends to decrease the rate of live weight gain by 15% - 20%

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Apthovirus types A, 0, C Phil

Hemorrhagic septicemia

Pasteurella multocida

Anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

Blackleg (malignant)

Clostridium chauveilsepticum

Tetanus

Clostridium tetani

The protein of milk is composed of

casein, lactalbumin, globulin, and serum albumin.

is the most abundant protein consistent of milk

Casein

is part of the enzyme system that synthesizes lactose in the mammary gland

Lactalbumin

are structural parts of antibodies of milk

Protein globulins

Milk is, however, low in Fe, therefore young animals consuming nothing but milk may develop anemia.

Milk contains several important vitamins such as a vitamin A, which help keep the intestinal tract and skin in proper repair, the vitamin B complex, and vitamins D and E. Vitamin D is added to most marketed milk.

Milk is low in vitamin C, which prevents scurvy

RDA (Required Dietary Allowance) for Milk for Filipinos =

30 kg

Signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos on 20 February 1995 and became effective on 12 March 1995. The Act integrates all government dairy development programs into the National Dairy Authority or NDA.

Dairy Development Act of 1995 (R.A. 7884)

Organized in 1962 from the Dairy Husbandry Division of the then Department of Animal Science UPLBCA, is mandated to conduct research and training in dairy production and technology.

DTRI (Dairy Training and Research Institute)

Holstein and the Bos indicus breed Sahiwal, known as Australian Friesian Sahiwal (AFS) developed in Australia, are being promoted by the government

production of milk is a secondary sex characteri:stic.

A normal cow can be described as one that becomes pregnant on the first or second service and produces a live healthy calf every 12 to 13 months

perm concentration of bull ranges from! to 3 B sperm per ml, with an average of about 2B per ml.

In natural service a bull service 50 to 100 cows per year. In AI it is not unusual for a bull to service 10, 000 to 20, 000 cows per year.

in AI The semen is diluted with an egg yolk-citrate extender or milkbase extender, and if the semen is to be frozen, glycerol.

in AI The semen is packaged in ampules or straws, frozen and stored (usually in liquid nitrogen storage tanks) at a temperature of -300 to -320° F (-128 to -196°c). As long as the semen is maintained at this temperature, it remains viable for 10 to 15 years or more.

top 3 region of carabao rearing

Eastern Visayas, Western Visayas & Cagayan Valley

Conserve, promote & propagate the carabao as source of draft, meat, milk and hide - Availability of quality stocks, Benefit from technology transfer activities on the care and mgt of carabao and the processing of meat and milk Encourage backyard dairy development in rural areas

RA 7307, Philippine carabao Act of 1992 by Pres. Cory Aquino

To protect and promote the welfare of all animals by supervising and, regulating the establishment and operations of all facilities utilized for breeding, maintaining, treating or training all animals - This law superseded the EO 626 or the carabao slaughter ban

RA 8485, Animal Welfare Act (1997) by President Fidel Ramos

prohibiting the slaughter of carabao regardless of age, sex, and physical condition purposely to conserve work animals

EO No. 8 of 1954

ocally known as 7-11, allows the slaughter of male buffalo 7 years old and above and female carabaos 11 yrs. Old and above

EO 626 of 1980

Philippine carabao Cambodian Chinese buffaloes Light gray to gray, white bands below the jaw and across the chest and legs Sickle-shaped horns 1.5 -2 kg of milk/day

swamp type - Bubalus bublis, 2n = 48

Breeds: Indian Murrah Bulgarian Murrah Brazilian Murrah Black or dark gray in color - With tightly curled or drooping straight horn Dairy type buffalo can produce 8-10 liters of milk daily

River type - Bubalus bubalis, 2n = 50

estrous cycle of carabao

21 days

breeding age of carabao

2.5-3 yr

estrous period of carabao

18 hours

ovulation of carabao

15 hours after estrus

Best time to inseminate is towards the end of estrus, in the latter 2/3rds of standing estrus, or within few hours after estrus

Calving interval in carabao may range from 18 to 24 months (optimum is 14-16 months)

Lactation Period in carabao

(305 d or 10 mo)

Gestation Period in carabao

(315 d or 10.5 mo)

carabao age at first calving is about 3 to 4 years old

Phil-Murrah Crossbred (F1) (2n= 49)

At 2.5 years, the bull(carabao) is capable of breeding

a. Rumen or paunch b. Reticulum or honeycomb c. Omasum or manyplies d. Abomasum or true stomach

In the rumen: end product of digestion a. Protein - microbial protein, NPN b. Carbohydrate - vfas (acetic, propoinic, butyric acids) c. Fats - fatty acids and glycerol then to propionic acid

With hand mating, a young bull of about 2.5 to 3.5 years old should sire only 20 females per season. This may be increased to 30 to 40 caraheifers or caracow when bulls reach the age from 3 ½ to 4 ½ years and older, respectively.

DESIRED OUTPUT TO PROFIT 1. Dairy production - To produce 8-10 kg milk/day for 300 day lactation (2,400-3,000 L/lactation) 2. Cow-calf operation - To produce a calf every 1 ½ years with higher survival rate 3. Feedlot Growing - Fattening - To attain 1 kg ADG or more - To market fattened animal after 4- 6 months of feeding

caused by overeating legumes

Frothy bloat (primary rumen tympany)