Antarctica

Question 1

Which pole

Answer 1

South

Question 2

Average temperature

Answer 2

-40*C

Question 3

How much rain yearly

Answer 3

Under 50 mm

Question 4

What are kabatic winds

Answer 4

Very strong 70 mph winds lasting up to 40 days

Question 5

How much constant sunlight

Answer 5

6 months

Question 6

What is biodiversity like

Answer 6

Very low due to harsh conditions

Question 7

Which ocean is the more diverse

Answer 7

The southern ocean

Question 8

What are the natural resources found in Antarctica

Answer 8

Marine life, fossil sails and minerals, large oil reserves in the southern ocean

Question 9

Why is it valuable as a global common

Answer 9

Because it has a very high volume of natural resources

Question 10

Climate change in Antarctica

Answer 10

It is very vulnerable to cc due to its extreme climate. This makes global emissions a shared responsibility as small temp changes can have a long lasting impact.

Question 11

A warmer sea and atmosphere leads to

Answer 11

Melting ice -> sea level rise -> global flooding

Question 12

Why are animals and plants affected by cc

Answer 12

Because they are highly adapted to their environment, and can lead to encroaching invasive species.

Question 13

What can changing migration patterns lead to

Answer 13

Happens due to temp changes -> species in some areas decline -> can alter food chain

Question 14

What can melting sea ice also mean

Answer 14

Previously stored co2 in the cryospheric store is released -> enhancing the greenhouse affect

Question 15

Reduced ice impact on albedo

Answer 15

Less reflection of solar radiation -> more radiation absorbed -> increasing temperature-> melting more ice

Question 16

Overfishing knock ons

Answer 16

Disrupts food chain -> damages marine habitats

Question 17

How much krill is fished annually

Answer 17

200,000 tonnes

Question 18

What does IUU mean

Answer 18

Illegal unreported unregulated

Question 19

Despite regulations there is still

Answer 19

IUU fishing happening

Question 20

What are whale populations like

Answer 20

Low at endangered levels

Question 21

When can whaling be dated back to

Answer 21

18th century

Question 22

When was all mining in Antarctica banned

Answer 22

1991

Question 23

Why is there a looming fossil fuel crisis

Answer 23

Demand exceeding supply, may mean mining bans in Antarctica aren’t certain for the future

Question 24

How many tourists visited in 2009-2010

Answer 24

37,000

Question 25

Oil exploitation leads to

Answer 25

Distrusted habitats due to drilling and pipelines

Question 26

Oil spills lead to

Answer 26

Causes long term damage as eco systems are very fragile, made worse if oil isn’t removed quickly

Question 27

Cruise ships impacts

Answer 27

The destruction of sea ice and potential crashes, leading to oil spills

Question 28

What do Tourists do

Answer 28

Trample and potentially scare wildlife

Question 29

Dropped litter impacts

Answer 29

Stay in nutrient cycle for a long time as slow decomposition -> foreign object ->disrupt food chain

Question 30

Influence of the UN

Answer 30

Has the ability to protect Antarctica however, it has little to do with it apart indirectly through the UNEP

Question 31

What’s the UNEP

Answer 31

UN Environment Programme

Question 32

What does the UNEP do

Answer 32

Set legislation and research into global environmental problems like ozone depletion and global warming

Question 33

Charities involved in Antarctica

Answer 33

Greenpeace and WWF

Question 34

What do charities do in Antarctica

Answer 34

Report on issues, releasing findings to the public, spreading awareness and increasing donations

Question 35

IWC stands for

Answer 35

International whaling commission

Question 36

IWC set up in

Answer 36

1946

Question 37

What are the IWC’s roles

Answer 37

Sets catch limits and hunting restrictions. Researches and studies whaling Coordinates conservation

Question 38

What has the IWC done

Answer 38

Introduced a whaling moratorium in 1982 banning all commercial whaling Created a revised management procedure putting in place sustainable catch limits

Question 39

Criticisms of the IWC

Answer 39

Member states can freely choose without penalties to opt in or out, for example Japan in 2018 Not legally binding

Question 40

What does ATS stand for

Answer 40

The Antarctic Treaty System

Question 41

What is the ATS

Answer 41

A collection of agreements working to protect Antarctica through global governance

Question 42

When was the ATS established

Answer 42

1959

Question 43

How many parties in the ATS

Answer 43

53

Question 44

What are some of the agreements in the ATS

Answer 44

Peaceful, research is ok but has to be shared, a global common, nothing nuclear, all stations can be inspected at any point

Question 45

What do improvements to the ATS include

Answer 45

Banning all activities relating to mineral resources Controlling waste management and marine pollution

Question 46

Issues/ criticisms to the ATS

Answer 46

it’s not mandatory Inspections aren’t frequent enough All decisions are unanimous so 1 country can void an amendment

Question 47

What is ASOC

Answer 47

Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition

Question 48

Why was ASOC formed

Answer 48

Over concerns of Antarctic treaty members secretly negotiating a framework for mineral extraction.

Question 49

How did ASOC stop mineral negotiations

Answer 49

Brining their negotiations to the public eye

Question 50

What was ASOC granted

Answer 50

Observer status meaning it can attended ATS meetings

Question 51

What are ASOC’s main focuses

Answer 51

Protecting Antarctica Krill conservation Monitoring and extending protected marine areas