Antebellum America Flashcards
(785 cards)
1
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The Whigs and their beliefs (led by Henry Clay)
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2
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Opposition party to jackson
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3
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Support American system
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4
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Supported by ex federalists and republicans who support clay and northern industrialists
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5
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Depict jackson as tyrannical king for overstepping power of his authority and acting like tyrant
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6
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Gain support when panic/recession steps in
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7
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Martin van buren is jackson’s hand picked successor but after this whigs gain a lot of popularity
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8
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Heroes to Hamilton’s federalists
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9
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Believe in strong central gov
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10
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Urban industry and commercial growth
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11
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About national and state directed economy
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12
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Supported by a lot of merchants and some planters
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13
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Second Great Awakening and Reforms
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14
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What was the Second Great Awakening
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why did it occur
15
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See a lot of reform movements come out of this during early decades of 19th century
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16
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Belief of predestination is gone and what you do while you’re alive determines if you go to heaven or hell
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17
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Reaction against rationalism from Enlightenment – believing in human reason
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18
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People who believed in more liberal and forgiving doctrines started rejecting calvinist teachings of original sin and predestination
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19
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Calvinism started counteract against people with liberal views in 1790s
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20
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Second Great Awakening started within the educated people including Reverend Timothy Dwight who was he president of Yale college
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21
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Young men were motivated by these campus revivals to become evangelical preachers
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22
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These rivals in the early 1800s had successful preachers who were audience-centered and could be easily understood by the uneducated
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23
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Talked about opportunity of salvation for all
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24
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Fit in with the democratization ideals of American society
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People are trying to prepare for jesus’s second coming
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Impacts abolitionist movement and brings us closer to civil war
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Religious revival (continuity)
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Catered to people who were settling in western US (new york and kentucky) on frontier where there are no established churches
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Preachers (circuit riders) set up stages and would preach
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Still introducing much better preaching style
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Big difference is that evangelical christians have a personal relationship with god – emotional why people are barking
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Reading bible for yourself and interpreting it yourself
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More emotional instead of rational
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Women could preach with democratized religion because religion was accessible to everyone
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Equal access to religion
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Millennialism/Millenarianism: replaced the idea of predestination
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How you behave on earth impacts if you go to heaven or hell
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Believing in jesus’s second coming if we create heaven on earth
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Cause people to clean up society and make society better
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Work for good and do good deed (biggest difference between 2nd)
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More reform movements that attempt to improve society
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Religious enthusiasm at this time was because people believed the world was about to end with the second coming of Jesus
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Nothing actually happened on October 21
1844
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Creation of new christian denomination: Seventh-Day Adventists
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Also see new protestants sects including Baptists and Methodists
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People now think it matters if they do good. Time on Earth is now considered important because people are doing good to improve the world around them. Doing good makes a difference in salvation and leads to social reform. Due to the Second Great Awakening
religion is democratized. This means anyone has a chance of salvation. All races can gain salvation because preachers in the Second Great Awakening preached to whites
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How was it different from the First Great Awakening?
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Similarities:
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Religious revivals with prose to bring people back into religion
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Lead to creation of new religious sects – greater religious diversity
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Both are inspired by really talented preachers
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Preachers: George Whitefield and Jonathan Field (1st) and Lyman Beecher and Charles G. Finney (2nd)
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Location:
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1st - New England among puritans
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2nd - in western portion in western NY and Kentucky where there were not any established churches
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Beliefs:
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1st - predestination
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2nd – got rid of belief of predestination – now what you do while you’re on earth determines if you go to heaven or hell
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Whole group of millenarism and need to create heaven on earth
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Second leads to all these reform movements because people are trying to do good works and correct aspects of society
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→ Second great awakening has greater significance because impacts other areas of society – education
jail system
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→ Certain people in 2nd great awakening believed that mainstream society was too far and it was better to remove themselves to create utopian community where everyone has the same beliefs – Largest experiment was mormons
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→ Majority focused on fixing mainstream america
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Charles G. Finney
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Charles G. Finney in upstate New York was a Presbyterian minister who started revivals in 1823 where a lot of New Englanders lived
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Appealed to the emotions of people and fear of damnation instead of delivering sermons based on rational argument
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Caused thousands to publicly declare their revived faith
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Preached that anyone could be saved if they worked hard and had good faith
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Ideals strongly appealed to rising middle class
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Western New York became known as “burned-over district” due to Finney’s influence
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This district was so heavily evangelized that is had no fuel (anyone unconverted in the population) left to burn (convert)
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Circuit riders and camp meetings
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The central aspect of the Second Great Awakening that made it different from the First Great Awakening is that it involved camp meetings in a more broader region of the U.S.
not just in New England. Camp meetings took place in the western US – in western New York
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not have strong established church religions so preachers established camp meetings where people would come and listen to them. Preaches would attempt to convert audiences to a more active and evangelical form of christianity.
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A circuit rider is a preacher who rides around on a horse because they do not have an established congregation. They go from town to town and convert people to evangelical christianity.
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People would come and listen to camp meetings. Many people would have an emotional response to being converted and go into fits because they were so overcome by religious spirits. Camp meetings affected the general populous because people had such amazing conversion experiences and encouraged others to go to camp meetings. As a result
there were now more people working to bring heaven on earth.
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Change for women – Cult of domesticity
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Men were the moral leaders in traditional farm families
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When men started to take jobs outside of the house for salaries
their absence was replaced by women as the new moral leader of the home
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This view of women as moral leaders of the home was idealized
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Women were in charge of household and children
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Belief:
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Women were designed exclusively to be a mother
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Expected to cultivate piety
purity and submissiveness and domesticity in all they do
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Everything they learn is preparing them to be a wife and mother
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Domain of influence was confined solely to the home
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“Privatized” their options for work
education
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Need to learn math and how to read because in charge of household finances and to teach children
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Not being prepared for jobs
able to participate in politics
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People who belief this argue women are biologically inferior
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Incapable of participating in public service
commerce
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“In return for husband’s security and protection which by physical nature she required
true women took on obligations of housekeeping
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Argued that society would benefit from women performing their sacred duties
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Still an important role today
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Very idolized and all of society betters from women performing these duties well
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No choice
super limiting
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Women are pretty smart and use the fact that they are seen as expert on everything with children and household to justify why they are expected on pushing certain reforms
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Argue that alcohol causes husband to abuse children and wives
spend all the money
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Also push for reforms in education because that it their expertise
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Designed for wives and daughters of middle and upper class white men
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For wealthy people
women were a status symbol
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Men ranked themself on how well behaved children were
how wealthy women were dresses
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In poor families
women and children worked in factories
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Not all women sit back and accept this
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Women are fighting against this ideal and see women's rights movement
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Hold first ever women's rights convention to push for this
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Context: occurred because of the Industrial Revolution…
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Industrial revolution redefines families in the cities
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Children were seen as good because they could be extra farmhands
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Kids become more of an economic burden because need to worry about childcare when there were working
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Extra mouth to feed
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Family size drops in industrial period
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7.04 to 5.42 members
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Industrialization also changes family because creates separate sphere for men and women
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When everyone worked on a farm
women helped men on fields
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Family was together so men could oversee family
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Men leave to go to work all day and women have to take care of house and kids – concept of separate spheres
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Ultimate goal for upper and middle class that men make enough money so women can stay home to work
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Being home gives women more leisure time to be a part of religious and moral reform movements
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From 1820 to 160 ideal of feminine behavior came to be referred to as cult of domesticity for middle class
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Domestic – within the home which established the sphere for women because they are now in charge of household and raising children without men getting involved
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Continuation is that women have idealized roles as moral leaders as home (same thing as republican motherhood) but change now it separate sphere where woman's place is solely in the home – only
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Application of Term: This term applied to the new role given to women in middle and upper class families who could afford to stay home.
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Effects on Status of Women: Men ranked themselves based on the quality of their homes and family life. Women were considered a status symbol.
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Seneca Falls Convention and Declaration of Sentiments
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Some women rebelled against the status change which strengthened the women's rights movement
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Others used the emphasis placed on their duty to educate children
serve others
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Leading feminists met in Seneca Falls NY in 1848
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Women's rights:
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Women were part of northern abolition movement
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Got frustrated when men would not allow them to speak their opinions
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Resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the ant-slavery movement because they were no allowed to fully participate in discussions
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Pushing for rights of slaves but realize they don’t have any rights themselves so women are going to fight for their rights
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Sarah and Angelina Grimke write a letter on the condition of women and equality of sexes which opens women's eye to injustice
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The sisters were against male opposition to their anti-slavery activities
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Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) written by Sarah Grimke
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Campaign for women's rights – Lucreta Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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After not allowed to speak at anti-slavery convention
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Invite women and men (in support of women getting rights) to attend first womens rights convention
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In seneca falls
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First womens rights convention in history
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Declaration of Sentiments: work they produce
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Very similar to declaration of independence and added/reordered certain words
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Declared that “all men and women are created equal” and listed women’s grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them
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Did this to prove that they were excluded
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Very american – recognized declaration of indepence and thought it was justified
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It is eye opening that women do not have to change most of the wording and still show how men have wronged them
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Devienly eye opening experiences
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Following Seneca falls Convention
see women pushing for equal rights – voting (get in 1920 but only in 1840) and also for equal legal rights and property rights
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Following Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony led campaign for equal voting
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In 1850s issue of women's rights are overshadowed by slavery and civil war
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See women's rights come back in late 1800s
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The Declaration of Sentiments argues for equal rights for men and women. These rights are considered to be inalienable and meant to be protected by the government. Women are arguing that it is necessary for them to be able to vote because their rights have been abused by the government. Lastly
women explain how men are tyrannical over women. One grievance they have is that men have taken all property from women. Men are in control of the money women make themselves from their wages. In addition
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Temperance Movement
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Why did it start in this period: what was the change/concern?
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In 1800
higher alcohol content drinks
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By 1830
the average American over 15 drank the equivalent of 88 bottles of whiskey every year. This is three times as much as people in the 21st century.
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Very high rate of alcoholism – 5 gallon of hard liquor per person in 1850 caused reformers to target alcohol as a cause of social ills
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Most popular reform movement during antebellum
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Alcohol abuse is seen as a moral failing so it was a womens job to attack this because they worked in the moral sphere - in charge of teaching kids how to behave
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In 1836
women and protestant ministers get people to take a pledge of total abstinence – known as Teetotalism
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Form American Temperance Society because concerned with drinking and its effects
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Not drinking any form of alcohol
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Some people don’t take the pledge but drink less or go back to wine and cider
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No complete support
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Irish and german immigrant group who is largest immigrant group are largely against this because alcohol is a large part of their culture
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More people jump on this bandwagon
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Politicians realize that less alcohol → less crime
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Businesses owners join this because less drinking leads to more worker productivity
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People who drank worked slower and had bad reflexes
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Factory owners and politicians thought temperance would decrease crime
poverty and increases workers’ output
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Very dangerous for drunk workers
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What did it lead to?
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1830s-1840s
some states put very high taxes on alcohol so people cannot afford it
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Still see sin tax to this day
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Maine makes it illegal to make or sell alcohol in 1851
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First state to prohibit manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors
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12 states pass same law after them by civil war
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People do not pay attention to this during civil war but gains momentum in 1870s with real industrialization
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By 1919
federal government has 18th amendment passed which prohibits sale of alcohol throughout entire country
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National success with passage of this
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Congress can propose amendment with ⅔ vote in both houses but need ¾ of states to agree to this which shows support that temperance movement had
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Prohibition amendment is only constitutional amendment that has another amendment revoking it
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Because did not make it illegal to consume alcohol
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Made transport and selling illegal
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Less drinking if people can’t get their hands on it…
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See secret bars (speak e zees)
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People tried to make alcohol themselves in the middle of the woods in the night
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People died from alcohol poisoning because do not know how strong they were making it
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See increased crime because people are willing to make money from demand of alcohol
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1930s prohibition is repealed
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7. Prison reform: what was the issue with prisons and who was thrown in them?
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Problem is that in early 1800s
they were a dumping ground for all of the people society does not want
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Criminals
paupers (beggars) and anyone considered mentally disabled
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In deplorable conditions in holding cells
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Reformers says we are paying a lot of taxes to house and feed these people but we need to help them to create heaven on earth
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Need to create state supported places specific for each one of these groups of people
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State prison
state mental hospitals to provide services for mentally disabled
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If we can withdraw these people from the poor conditions
they can be cured and we can help them live better lives
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In response to mental hospital
Dorothea Dix pretended to be mentally disabled to get thrown in the horrible prisons for 2 weeks to get a look at the conditions → formation of mental institutions
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Goes on cross country speaking tour and telling people what she experienced
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Shocks people into action and by 1840s states are starting to build mental hospitals
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With prison system is that one reformed was failed
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Penitentiary system:
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Tried in 1800s
first in Philadelphia to create penitentiary system
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Put inmates in solitary confinement to reflect on what they did wrong and try to repent for their sins
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suicide rate was very high so why eastern state is considered one of the most haunted places
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States try to create prisons where inmates can try to work to earn privilege
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Have jobs in prison that earns them more tv time or more outside time
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Have opportunities to get education and degrees in prison so they have actual skills to get a job and turn their lives around
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Still use this form of the prison system as a result of the second great awakening reforms
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Public school reform
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Horace Mann and free common schools/arguments for them:
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Horace Mann suggested idea of common tax supported public school movement
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Before 1840s
there was no public education system on consistent scale
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Wealthy got tutors
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Reformers say majority of population could not read and write
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Fearing for future of country and democracy if people d
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Every town would have this
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Compulsory attendance so long enough to get education
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Teachers would get a good training program to teach kids how to read and write
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Brought to all states in 1840s
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Common beliefs is that they wanted to teach moral education on top of reading
writing and math
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Have textbooks of sobriety (temperance movement)
hard work
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Some groups say these are very protestant values
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Moral instruction/growth of Catholic schools
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Roman catholics push back against this and create their own private schools – to combat protestant morals taught in public schools
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Why are there so many colleges created in this period?
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Also see availability of higher education because every state constructs at least 1 college
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Colleges are formed to teach preachers
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Women can get admittance and go to college
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Higher education is more widely available as a result
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Abolition Movement
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→ Not a unified movement - not everyone agreed on this (basically everyone agreed that slavery should be abolished
but their reasoning for it was different)
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Moderates – graduate emancipation
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Radicals – immediate emancipation
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Abolitionist movement becomes more intense because of industrial rev in north which makes slavery not viable in north
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Northern states outlaw it and push them further away from having slaves in any capacity
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Second great awakening causes christians to think of slavery of a moral wrong
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People fight this institution
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Southern reaction to reform movements:
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These reform movements by second great awakening are focused in west and north
not south
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Because abolition is part of reform
south does not like reform or change at all
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Want to keep tradition
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Old way of doing things made them money and committed to tradition
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Against all reforms
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Do not support public education or other humanitarian efforts
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View social reforms as northern threat against the southern way of life
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Creates more intense sectionalism
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Pushed north and south further away from each other
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William Lloyd Garrison/The Liberator/American Antislavery Society (all white)
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White abolitionist who started newspaper called The Liberator
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Wanted liberty for slaves
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Radical abolitionist because called for immediate emancipation of slaves without compensating southern slave owners for them
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Meets with other people who share the same viet and crete this society
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Burn constitution as a symbolic gesture because has ⅗ compromise and does not outlaw slavery and think of it as very pro slavery
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American Colonization Society
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Against slavery but also against free blacks in US that would be competition
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Solution is end slavery but send all blacks back to africa
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Set up colony for them to live in africa
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By this point 98.9% of african american population was born in america and had not been in Africa
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Ridiculous – america is all the blacks know
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Some wealthy people buy land in africa and call it liberia
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Some blacks go to scape racism because do not see future where they can lie freely
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Liberty Party
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Want to use political action
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Political party
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One campaign pledge was to bring about the end of slavery by political and legal means
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Petitioning for laws that would outlaw slavery
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Very gradual process
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Black Abolitionists
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Escaped slaves were the most convincing like Frederick Douglas
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Went on speaking tour and talked about brutality and degradation of it from first hand experience
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Converted a lot of people and got pepe to support abolitionist cause
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North star is newspaper that puts accounts in there and gets more support for abolition movement
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Supports political and direct action – anyone against slavery
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Big assistance on underground railroad – also harriet tubman and sojourner truth help slaves escape
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Ex of direct action because there are not as many slaves to help the southerners
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More moderate Black abolitionists were Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglas
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Violent Abolitionism – David Walker and Henry Highland Garnet
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Lived in north but argued that slaves needed to take action themselves by rising up and revolting against their owners through armed resistance
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Their teachings inspired Nat Turner’s Rebellion
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Communal Experiments
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For the most part majority of Americans try to mainstream American society and try to fi problems
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Some people feel their version of heaven on earth is impossible to do in mainstream so they remove themselves from mainstream and try to create perfect ethiopian societes
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Separates communities
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Best example is the mormons
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Mormons
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Example of religion group – church of jesus christ of laderach saints (LDS church)
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Founded by Joseph Smith as new religion 1830
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Base everything off 1 scripture – Book of Mormon
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Traced connections between American Indians and lost tribes of Israel
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Set apart because they believe in polygamy – husband can have more than 1 wife
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US government was very hostile about this
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Face a lot of persecution from the rest of society so as a result in 1850s
Brigohom Young leader of Mormons leads Mormons really far out west to utah
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Migrated to far western frontier on Mormon trail
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Set up their own society on the banks of Great Salt Lake
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called new zion
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Believed in cooperative social style organization so survive and prosper in wilderness and end up thriving as a community that is still numerous to this day
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This ideas of withdrawing from conventional society to create the ideal community was most numerous during the years of the antebellum because of people wanting to achieve perfection during their lifetime so they could go to heaven
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People are trying to create their own version of utopia – perfect world
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Antebellum era so so many people try to create this because so much open fertile land
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See over 100 different communal experiments be formed in this period
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Early mormons were a religious communal effort
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Most are short lived and disband in a few years
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Show diversity of reform ideas of this time even though many communities were short-lived
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Shakers
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Another religious communicable experiment
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Have 6000 members in many communities by 1840s
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Hold property in common
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Believe you are marrying god
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Kep men and women comply separate
cannot get married or have sexual relationship so community dies out because can’t procreate
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Marriage and sexual relations were forbidden
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Died out by mid 1900s because no new recruits
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One of the earliest communal movements
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Oneidas
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Cooperative community in Oneida NY
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Believed in perfect social and economic equality
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Marriage partners and property were shared across community members
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Community was attacked by critics of planned reproduction and communal child-rearing
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Made silverware
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Very prosperous for their economy
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Still can be bought today
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American Culture
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Transcendentalists
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Another example of a communal experiment
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Members of this movement try to live together on a farm called Brook Farm
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American offshoot of larger movement in europe
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We have left enlightenment period where everything was all about logic and reasoning
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Moved now in romantic movement focusing on a person’s intuition
feeling and emotions
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Individualism and studying nature
333
Second great awakening is a result of this because focusing on emotion of religion and having personal relationship with God
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Trancedelatilists will be largest people to buy into romanticism movement in US
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Like a philosophy
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Small group of New England thinkers who lived communally on brook farm
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Be one with nature
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Because so focused on individualism
do not work together very well
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Hard to live separately on a farm
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Questions doctrines of established churches and business practices of merchant classes
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Concerned about how masterlist everyone has become with industrialism and how much nature is getting destroyed
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Cutting down lumber and making railroad tracks
using supplies to make finished products
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Trying to encourage people to discover ones inner self
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Belief essence of god is in nature
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Feel embarrassing nature and artistic pursuits are a lot more important than trying to pursue wealthy
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Remove themselves from society because north is trying to get wealth with factories and south with cotton
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Supports a lot of reformers
– anti slavery movement
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Beliefs in men and women equality – men and women equally have knowledge about themselves and the world around them “transcends” or goes beyond 5 senses
349
Not logic and reason – something things just don’t make sense it what they believe
350
People should trust themselves on what it right
if something does not feel right
351
2 Famous Transcendentalists:
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
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At the time and to this day is best known transcendentalists
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Popular american speaker and talks about his discoveries and tries to awaken america
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He says we are copying europe too much and think for ourselves as a country
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Create american culture
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Argues for self reliance and independent thinking
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One of the most outspoken speakers and critics of slavery
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Support union during civil war
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Essay is self reliance becomes anthem for transcendentalists
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Henry David Thoreau
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Gets start by conducting 2 year expedient when he removes himself from mainstream society and lives on edge of waldo farm by himself and be one with nature
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Keeps a journal of thoughts and experiences
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Uses observations of nature to discover essential truths about life and nature
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Called Walden after pond cabin was on
366
A lot of the stuff in his book has been used by ecologists and conservationists
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Seen as first ecologist and environmentalist who was concerned on impacts of american industrialization on nature in the US
368
Write another essay where he introduction concept of civil disobedience
369
All about nonviolent protest
370
At this point he was very much against slavery and in 1840s we go to war with mexico to try and incorporate area in texas to increase slave land
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To pay for land
federal government institutes new tax
372
Since war was unjust
then tax was unjust
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Peacefully protesting by knowling breaking law and accepting penalty/punishment for doing it
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He faced 1 day in jail
375
This became inspiration for gandhi and martin luther king jr in 1950s and 1960s
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Art-Landscapes and Hudson River School
377
Idea of unique american culture is embraced by a lot of different art mediums
378
Genre painting where we are depicting everyday life for a majority of americans
379
Like riding steamboat
participating in elections (photo of men debating in fields and reading newspaper – proud of high literacy rate
380
Everyday scene that show uniqueness of america
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Also unique because of beautiful vistas available to be settles
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Hudson river school is group of painters thar known for landscape paintings
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Fascinated with nature world due to romanticism
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Very pretty – played with light and dark to show how america was enlightened
385
Architecture
386
Amount of democracy and growth of democracy in this period sets us apart
387
We have highest voting rate
388
We chanel architecture of ancient athens greece where it was the birthplace of democracy
389
Most buildings have column
facades
390
Ex is the white house
supreme court
391
Literature
392
Unique literary genres
393
Last of Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper to glorify space out west and native americans out there
394
Nathaniel Hawthorne: Scarlet Letter- questioned intolerance and conformity in American life
especially of puritans
395
Herman Melville: Moby Dick- reflected theological and cultural conflicts of the era
396
Very important in american literacy – so uniquely american
397
398
Know the terms antebellum
abolitionist
399
Antebellum – time before the civil war (1810s-1850s)
400
Abolitionist – against slavery
401
Why did slavery and King Cotton grow so much in the 1800s?
402
Seeing sectionalism emerge because of how different north and south economies were becoming
403
Issue is that in order to produce that amount of cotton
they need a large amount of slaves
404
Cotton → slavery
405
Main export used to be tobacco
406
In 1790s after revolution
that is when the British industrial revolution begins
407
Textile manufacturing (clothing) starting getting really big in Britain and cotton becomes very highly in demand
408
Americans discover short stable cotton that can grow anywhere in the south
409
Soil does not matter only warm climate
410
By 1850s
america is going to be producing ¾ of entire world supply of cotton
411
Cotton is not only benefiting southern cotton growers but benefits entire country because north start industrializing and experiencing their own industrial revolution
412
Can get cotton from south and turn into finished products
413
Because of improved transportation
it is cheaper to get cotton from south than overseas
414
Can sell finished goods to south
415
Bolsters northern economy and southern economy
416
Northern economy cannot exist without southern economy because need cotton
417
Required slave population to grow by 300%
418
Value of cotton exports increases
419
In 1793
Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin that speeds up work of refining cotton by making it easier to extract seeds to export and revolutionized cotton production – could refine entire fields in 1 day
420
Issue is that need a lot of people to work it
421
Makes it really profitable to sell cotton
422
Increases amount of coton needed to put into machine → increases number of slaves needed in fields to pick cotton so there are constant baskets
423
Cotton gin caused rise of slavery to increase exponentially
424
Now that cotton is so profitable
white southern think cotton is everything and we need slaves for this
425
South could not survive or succeed economically without slaves without slaves – slavery became part of southern way of life
426
More people move into these areas and those areas become slave states
427
Constantly pushing west in south region
428
Becomes known as cotton belt and black belt in lower south – where largest number of slaves are concentrated on fertile soils
429
Upper south sticks to tobacco
corn because their soil was not as good and not as labor intensive
430
Where was King Cotton most prevalent?
431
In the south – this is what made them all of their money
432
Explain the internal slave trade.
433
Constitution mandated that international slave trade had to end in 1820
not slavery altogether meaning could not buy slaves from africa
434
Upper south finds that it is more profitable to sell slaves to lower south than to keep slaves for themselves
435
Like slavery breeding
436
Formation of internal slave trade in 1800s – unique characteristic of american slavery
437
Although conditions are horrible
US keeps slaves healthy enough so women can procreate
438
Self sustaining slave population in US and keep replenishing itself
439
End of international slave trade does not stop use of slaves
440
Upper southern states look more like north and start to industrialize and have factories
441
Like West Virginia who refuses to secede and forms their own state to support north in Civil War
442
Describe the class structure of whites in the South.
443
Very distinct social hierarchy in south
444
By caste – white (high)
black (low)
445
Also by class – determined by how many slaves you can afford to own
446
More slaves → more wealthy → higher up in social hierarchy
447
Region played a big role because only in lower south you had enough money to own slaves
448
“Slave orcray” on top
then white yeomen farms
449
On pie graph
it is shocking that 76% of whites in south could not afford to own slaves
450
Southerners are willing to go to war and die to protect an institution that 76% of them could not afford to participate in – this is a total misconception about south
451
So quick to defend slavery but most could not afford to have a slave
452
This is because a little bit of southern pride
also people hoped to be able to afford it one day and all aspired to get to that point
453
Most slave owners only able to own a small amount of slaves
454
If you were a slave you would want to be on larger plantation because if owner is poor
than slaves are in owners poverty
455
Have community and kinship to fall back on in larger farms
456
Define the term “yeoman farmer”
457
Poor farms who cannot afford to own slaves
often rented slaves during harvest season but have to work in fields too
458
All of these free blacks were be competition for poor farmers
459
Looking at markable skills
blacks are a lot better than white yeomen farmers
460
Keep blacks in their place so cannot be competition
461
Security in knowing even though you are poor
still people lower than you
462
For economic competition – blacks competing for land and better at it than whites
463
Explain why yeoman farmers defended slavery even though they couldn’t afford slaves themselves
464
All strove to own slaves
465
Kept slaves in their place so they were not competition for yeomen farmers
466
All of these free blacks were be competition for poor farmers
467
Looking at markable skills
blacks are a lot better than white yeomen farmers
468
Keep blacks in their place so cannot be competition
469
Security in knowing even though you are poor
still people lower than you
470
For economic competition – blacks competing for land and better at it than whites
471
Describe slave family life and slave conditions
472
Slaves preferred to live on larger plantations because they could replicate family life
473
Slaves resisted by maintaining aspects of African culture
474
To not allow white dehumanizing efforts work
475
A lot of slaves were born into slavery in the US – it is more of embracing oral traditions and what makes them unique because they are different
476
Maintaining songs (known as slave songs)
traditions in rice growing areas of women weaving baskets
477
Also elements of african language and faith from Africa
478
Whites claim they are bringing salvation to slaves by getting them baptized
479
Forced to practice christianity
480
Afriancans adapt christianity and combine it with their own religion to create their own uniquely black christianity religion to celebrate what makes them unique
481
African Methodists Episcoal Church – free Africans church
482
Never let them get together in group by themselves after Nat Turner’s rebellion
483
Africans go to church but monitored by whites to listen to message to make sure all acceptable
484
Africans practice their traditions at night after slave owner
485
Preaching about meaning of liberation into heaven
486
Describe the ways slaves resisted slavery.
487
Continuities is that most common form of resistance is passive resistance
488
Do not want to be targets but want to hurt slaves owners bottom line
489
Work slow
pretend to be sick
490
→ All passive things that do not get them punished
491
In 1800s also see the number of slaves who ran away increased (unlike 1700s where slavery was not illegal in northern states
most ran from one plantation to another to reunite with family
492
Now underground railroad and north outlawing slavery
493
Increased runaways into the thousands
494
As 1800s there will be laws to allow slave owners to pursue slaves in north
495
Slaves did go to Canada
Haiti or Bahamas where slave catcher can’t follow them
496
497
Be able to describe how the Underground Railroad worked.
498
Underground railroad is name given to all whites who would assist slaves running away
499
A lot of whites put themselves on the line to hide blacks and also free blacks to help others escape
500
Serious of routes and safe houses (stations) to help slaves escape to their freedom
501
Led by conductors knew the routes and station masters provided food and shelter
502
503
Who was Harriet Tubman?
504
Conductor of underground railroad
505
Ran away because she was overworked and fear of being sold to deep south that was harsher and had bigger expectations of slaves
506
After she ran away
she went to save her sister and her sister’s kids from another farm
507
Realized how much she could help people
508
Main reason for starting underground railroad because she knew what it was like to be a slave and knew it was possible to escape – she had helped her sister escape
509
Very prepared
determined and well respected
510
Well respect of some whites
free blacks and slaves
511
Most people fled to north canada so some people in north support her
512
Tubmanw as a better symbol of ending slavery than turner because she freed slaves peacefully
513
514
Describe the methods whites would use to get runaway slaves back.
515
Hired slave catchers with trained dogs that tracked and hunted runaway slaves
516
Conditions for runaway slaves in jails were dirty and overcrowded and also suffered from hunger and abuse – Showed inhumane treatment
517
Explain what happened in Nat Turner’s Rebellion and what the effect of it was.
518
Most extreme form of resistance – slave rebellion – 1 successful slave revolt in 1800s
519
Nat Turner’s rebellion is carried out with success because resulted in deaths of 60 (at least 55) white plantation owners and their families
520
Caused south to tamp down
521
In retaliation whites killed hundred of blacks in brutal fashion
522
After revolt
fear of future uprisings put and end to anti slavery talk in the south
523
After nat turner’s rebellion
plantation owners are so fearful that any opportunity slaves have they will plan a revolt
524
Not allowed to assemble after this and always had to be monitored by someone white
525
Resulted in these stricter slave codes
526
527
Provide 3 arguments that whites used to defend slavery
528
These are arguments made by whites against abolitionist critiques
529
A lot of pro slavery propaganda
530
→ Most common arguments is slavery is sanctioned in the bible
531
So many bible stories with slaves – If god is okay with slaves then no issue
532
Constitution does not prohibit slavery – only 2 references
which is ⅗ compromise which acknowledges that there are slaves and also
533
Constitutional to have slave
534
Slavery is a natural way of life for inferior africans
535
We are civilizing them and making their way of life better
bringing them out of their barbaric ways
536
Argument is that conditions for slaves in south are better and more humane than conditions of free black wage owners in north
537
Those slaves get to work outside in fresh air with clothing
food and housing provided
538
Taken care of when sick and old
539
Free blacks in north struggle to find job and have no one providing them with anything
540
Condition of northern wage owners is worse than southern slaves
541
See so much of this because southerners feel very targeted by growing abolitionist movement in north
542
Industrialization
543
Explain what life was like for most people before the Industrial Revolution related to work and economy.
544
Agrarian society – small farmers who worked together with their families to farm
545
Subsistence farming
546
Explain what happened in each of the following (The Triple Revolution)
provide a specific example of an invention created that related to it
547
Industrial Revolution – This was a change in the types of machinery used to produce finished products. These new kinds of technology made production more efficient. This transformed American society by causing people to shift from being farmers to hourly wage workers. People could use this money to buy what they needed.
548
→ women working
increase in sectionalism because north not needing slaves
549
Ex: textile mills by Samuel Slater
water wheel
550
Transportation Revolution – This was a revolution in the transportation available
including the invention of the steamboat
551
→ connected north and west than the south because erie canal connected great lakes in western region and nothing like that in the south
552
Ex: steamboat
telegraph
553
Market Revolution – This was a revolution in the economy
including the types of goods being sold and who they were being sold to. The kinds of work people were doing changed to make these new kinds of goods. Instead of bartering for services
554
→ producing textiles
change in family structure
555
556
Be able to describe one of the major inventions of the Industrial Revolution
explaining how it worked
557
Telegraph: by Samuel Morse
558
Fixed slow communication of letter writing and waiting weeks for response
559
Worked by sending electrical signals across wires to transmit messages
560
These pulses would be sent across the wire and transmit the message
561
A dot or dash was determined by how much time the sender pressed the key down for
562
Used by diplomats
common people through telegrams and meat packers
563
Transcontinental telegraph increased western expansion and Transatlantic telegraph from US to Europe allowed for foreign ministers to complete efficient foreign exchanges
564
With the telegraph
money could be exchanged or “wired” over long distances.
565
Increased flow of information
566
Jacksonian Democracy
567
How/why democracy expanded during the Antebellum Era
568
More people were able to vote
569
Prior to this
states set prerequisites for what you need to vote and how to register
570
Before 1800
almost all states required a certain amount of property to be owned to vote
571
Prevented very large amount of people from being able to vote
572
Founding fathers wanted virtuous and educated citizens to vote and were afraid of uneducated mobocracy
573
Put voter qualifications in this so people understand how the system works
574
By 1840
land requirements were removed from all the states
575
By 1940
American has highest number of educated voters anywhere
576
Before 1800
less than 50% of white male population was able to vote in American
577
By 1840
90% of white men were able to vote
578
Major shift from intentions of founding fathers
579
Got rid of nobility titles so people could advance socially
580
White males were seen as equal in the voting and law
581
Issue is that with industrialization
there is growing percent of americans who don’t own land
582
In industrial northern cities
people need to live close to their factories so do not own a lot of land
583
Not all landowners are successful
like yeomen farmers in south who are uneducated
584
Land requirement is becoming outdated
585
Westward expansion contributed to the growth of democracy
586
Universal white male suffrage – all white men in the vote regardless of land or status
587
By 1830
only 2 states have voter qualifications and majority are now on taxpayer qualifications
588
Start to see income taxes and tariffs
not based on land
589
Westward expansion led to increased suffrage for “common” men in the “new states” who did not qualify in the “older states”
590
People who are poor are moving out west
looking for fresh start
591
Due to northwest ordinance
they could decide what their state constitution would say
592
If all too poor to own plots of land
no land qualifications to vote in constitution
593
New western states adopt lax voting requirements to allow themselves to participate in the vote in their states
594
People in eastern states who are more well off but can’t vote due to property qualifications are not happy when poor western people are allowed to vote
595
They start protest and put pressure on government to change the laws
596
Other states match laws of western states
597
By 1840
more than 90% of all adult men can vote – universal white male suffrage
598
Big change in laws because more white men can vote but women and african americans still cannot vote
599
600
Change to politics/campaigning during the Antebellum Era
601
Calls for facelift in how politics in US work
602
Modern political parties are formed
603
In 1820s politicians use campaign slogans
parades and memorable slogans
604
Become organized and have groups in each state for their political party
605
State political machines control politics
606
Party loyalty became expected
607
Partisan newspapers are created by political parties because US has such a high literacy rate so each to send out articles and political cartoons
608
Americans are so proud of this
makes country unique because we have highest number of eligible voters
609
See a lot of art where common men are reading newspapers
debating
610
Everyone knows the names now because the common people can vote
611
612
Election of 1824/”Corrupt Bargain”
613
Monroe steps down and in election of 1824
614
Still only one political party because era of good feelings but start to see sectionalism
615
See 4 democratic republican candidates from different regions
616
John quincy adams from new england (secretary of state under monroe)
617
William crawford from south (Sec of Treasury under Monroe)
618
Henry clay (Speaker of the House; wrote American System)
619
Andrew Jackson (war hero so considered national candidate) from west
620
No one candidate receives majority of electoral votes
but Jackson wins largest electoral votes just not 51% (50.1%?) needed and also wins greatest percent of popular vote
621
So house of representatives gets to decide between top 2 candidates – Jackson and Adams
622
Henry clay was in 4th place but he is the speaker of the house of reps – head of the house at the time so is absolutely convinced that Jackson can’t be president
623
Jackson swears
fights
624
John quincy adams was born to be president
has experience
625
Clay uses influence of head of house of reps to convince house to vote for john quincy adams
626
As a result
Adams makes Clay speaker of the house which is seen as pathway to presidency at the time
627
Jackson says this is total corruption and that Adams bribed Clay – this is the corrupt bargain of 1824
628
This destroys john quincy adams presidency
no shot at getting anything done
629
Nothing important during quincy's presidency
630
Jackson and his supporters spend 4 years to prepare…
631
Spoils System
632
Jackson rewards all of positions in government to his supporters
633
In exchange for their loyalty they get government positions
634
To the victor go the spoils – because he won he gets everything that goes along with it
635
Big deal because he is removing all of the people in those positions and this was the first time this had been done
636
People had made careers out of this
637
Argues this is very democratic to do this because people are supposed to be involved in government
638
Need positions in government to be rotating to have a true democracy
639
What Jackson is doing is promoting democracy and allowing people who would not have been able to get these get them
640
Most of the people he appoints do not have experience – only supported Jackson so met that qualification
641
People against Jackson say people are able to buy positions in government and use them to advance their own personal agenda (nefarious reasons)
642
Quid pro quo - you do something for me
I’ll do something for you
643
Veto of Federally Funded Internal Improvements like the Maysville Rd
644
Part of Clay’s American funds was to provide funds for transportation improvements
645
Lots of bills that go into Congress for paving new roads
railroads and canals
646
Mayseville road bill would allow federal money to lay maysville road in kentucky
647
Clay is from kentucky and is speaker of the house so he wants this bill and gets it pushed through congress to get funds
648
Jackson vetoed maysville road bill
649
Jackson says he is not opposed to national projects but the maysville road did not count as national project because it only ran through kentucky
not multiple states
650
Should be something that kentucky should pay for because only benefits kentucky
651
7 other similar internal improvements that jackson also vetoed
652
Opponents are really frustrated and say the only reason why he is not doing this is – personal vendetta to do something against clay from corrupt bargain
653
Did not think it was Jackson’s place to veto congressional bills
654
Congress was seen as the law making body up until this time– majority of constituents approved it so why should one person alter this?
655
Issue that if jackson does not like something he can just veto it like a king
656
Some (supports of Jackson) say Jackson is standing up to elite congress and jackson is championing us finally (supporters) – nuance here
657
Tariff of Abominations (what it was
its effect
658
Tariff of 1828 is hated by southerners because it is the highest one yet – tariff of abominations (most horrible thing imaginable)
659
The tariff hurt Southerners because they imported more manufactured goods from Great Britain than the North did
660
Reduced the cost to export British goods to the US meant that British companies were no longer making as much money
661
Britain was not able to buy as much cotton from the South as they usually did
further hurting the Southerners’ economically.
662
So south carolina invokes nullification and votes to nullify tariff
663
They are going to refuse to collect the tariff duties and say tariff does not exist in south carolina
664
Nullification Crisis and how Jackson handled it
665
Jackson does not believe in nullification – views it as treasonous threat to union
666
Urges Congress to pass the force bill which forces south carolina to collect tariffs and if they fail to do it
the president can send in troops to forcibly collect tariffs from south carolina
667
To collect Tariff of 1832 which was meant lower tariff of 1828 but the southerners view it as an unconstitutional violation of states’ rights
668
South carolina discussing secession – their militia is ready to fight Jackson’s troops
669
Jackson is done with calhoun – going to hang him from the nearest tree
670
Looking like this might turn into war
671
Luckily henry clay the great compromiser in congress comes up with a compromise tariff
672
Lowers tariff from 1832 and gets southerners to agree to collect tariff so jackson does not have to send troops to south carolina in 1833
673
SC withdrew nullification and Jackson did not have to enforce the Force Act
674
Avoids war between south carolina and union
675
Significant because if they had allowed nullification then it would show states have the right to declare federal laws void and the right to secede
676
Jackson does not like this
677
Power of federal law is supreme and jackson is willing to use force to enforce this power
678
You don’t do what we want
we will use force → getting closer to civil war
679
South does not like tariffs because they benefit the north
680
Throughout 1800s we have had governments come in and have progressively institute higher tariffs
681
1820 implemented by john quincy adams than another in 1828 by jackson
682
John c calhoun is vp from south carolina
683
In response to tariff of 1828 vice president john c calhoun re-brings up belief that jefferson and madison had done when alien and sedition acts were passed
684
States are final say so they think they can nullify it
685
John c calhoun writes explosion and protest in 1828 and south carolina is discussing nullification
686
Idea is out and south carolina is super angry
687
Tariffs increased cost of foreign goods (usually cheaper than american made goods) higher price tag for farmers
688
Other countries get mad about the tariffs so they to pay so they make their own tariffs which makes cotton more expensive
689
Southerners are selling less cotton and not making as much money while the cost for goods is more expensive
690
Background on Indian Removal
691
Native americans were in the way of Ameircans
692
Americans want native’s land
693
Enter into treaties with certain tribes – the 5 tribes of Iroquois league like Cherokee in southern region in Georgia
Alabama
694
Treaty signed with these tribes in late 1700s told tribes if they adopted a more american lifestyle and civilized themselves
they would be able to stay in their land
695
Americans did not want them to be nomad – wanted neighbors they were not going to be afraid of
696
Natives follow through
adopt farming
697
They are on land that americans want because soil is good
698
Southerners want natives out
699
John quincy adams does not do anything to address natives because they had treaties
700
Jackson makes it a campaign promise to help with indian problem
701
Not much that he can do because there are treaties and natives have held up their treaties so refuse to leave their land in georgia
702
Gold is discovered in georgia so really want land
703
State government of georgia completely abolishes treaty with cherokee
704
Forces cherokee off land
705
Natives take this to supreme court and sue
706
In 1831
and 1832
707
Jackson wants natives out – says john marshall has made his decisions and let him enforce it
708
Ironic because supreme court does not have power on its own to enforce laws – needs congress to pass law or president to order in troops
709
Knows john marshall can’t enforce it himself
710
Indian Removal Act
711
Jackson supports state of georgia and asks congress to pass Indian Removal act of 1830
712
This gave a specific date of when natives had to leave by or else military will come and forcefully remove them
713
Passed in 1832
714
Led to trail of tears
715
Natives do not leave land – did not think they actually had to until they are removed
716
Worcester v. Georgia and Jackson’s response to the ruling
717
Supreme court says natives can stay on their land in Georgia
718
Jackson totally defies ruling
719
The Trail of Tears – most controversial thing Jackson does as president
720
In 1838
us army comes in and forces cherokee to march to reservations past the mississippi
721
Forces to march a minimum of 10 miles a day with little provisions
722
Thousands die so that is how it got its name
723
Army tried to cover it up so don’t know exact number but at least tens of thousands died
724
In the cold winter
in deep snow
725
Enforce idea that cherokee are inferior to whites
726
Background on Second BUS and why it led to a Bank War
727
Biggest political issue is jackson’s killing of second national bank
728
Previously rechartered in 1816 from henry clay’s american system
729
Biggest bank in american
held 10 million dollars in federal money
730
Made loans to people that needed it
731
Function was to keep state chartered banks in check in terms of how much money they would loan out – more risky banks and issues more loans that what they actually had in hard species in value
732
Paper money (bank notes) were being loaned out
733
Economic growth is coming from these places
734
A lot of people do not like national bank
735
Blame bank for panic of 1819 because it overextended credit and brought it in too quickly
736
Believed bank only favored wealthy at the expense of common farmers and man
737
Nicholas Biddle was bank manager and seen as mascot – arrogant
vain and aristocratic
738
Becomes target for andrew jackson’s attack
739
Jackson feels bank only favors the wealthy
740
Considered unconstitutional monopoly
741
Charter of bank was up in 1836
742
Bittle and clay are worried about bank’s future and getting clay elected in 1832
743
Make strategic decision to help their cause and decide to bring issue of rechartering of bank in front of congress in 1832
744
Clay as head of house proposes congress recharter bank in 1832
745
It was an election year so either jackson would be too afraid to speak out against the bank and doesn’t want to hurt his chances of reelection and would allow proposal without vetoing it and bank could be recharted
746
Or is jackson did speak up and tried to veto it
it would hurt his chances of reelection and allow clay to become president
747
Congress approves it but jackson vetos it
748
Claims the national bank is unconstitutional
violation of states rights and dangerous to people’s liberties
749
Bittle and clay misfire with this because when jackson vetoed the bank
congress was unable to override veto because did not have ⅔ of congress
750
Bank was not rechartered but does not close right away
751
In 1832 and bank will stay open until 1836
752
Jackson runs his campaign on the fact that he vetoed recharter of national bank
753
Is overwhelmingly reelected because bank was not popular with western and southern farmers who wanted more loans
754
Jackson completely defeats clay in electron of 1832
755
Jackson interprets this victory as the people saying they support him in his absolute diskale of the bank
756
Jackson takes this as americans hate the bank so need to take it down asap
757
Jackson’s Actions regarding the Bank (his veto
Pet Banks
758
Jackson withdraws all of federal money
all 10 million dollars in national bank and distributes it to 23 different chosen state banks – called pet banks
759
Now national bank has no specie in it so cannot make any loans or do anything
760
Seriously controversial – no where in constitutional does president have control of this
761
Critics of jackson say jackson overstepped authority as president of US
762
Even people who supported his vetoing of recharter this is beyond
763
Nicholas Biddle – bank president needs some hard specie so calls in all of loans national bank had loaned out
764
Make people have to pay those back
765
More of a hardship is placed on the americans
766
Jackson goes further than this and issue 1836 pamphlet called species circular which moved us away from paper money
767
For land sales
only could be paid for in hard specie – gold and silver
768
Nobody has gold and silver
only paper money
769
Panic of 1837
770
Jackson’s actions in bank wank and species circular caused huge economic panic
771
Panic of 1837 – 6 year recession due to price inflation and inconsistent extension of credit by “pet banks”
772
Irony is that most people do not blame jackson
773
By the time recession steps in
jackson is out of office so americans blame successor martin van buren
774
Really is jackson’s fault
775
After killing paper money
irony is that jackon’s face is still on 20 dollar bill
776
Also beginning of panic of 1837 due to jackson’s economic decisions hurts Martin Van Buren
777
All financial panics look the same – banks close to people’s money disappears and unemployment so no money – a lot of poverty
778
10 percent of unemployment during panic
779
Democrats did not believe it was the place for the president to be able to intervene in the economy
780
Do not provide any source of assistance or do anything to end depression
781
American people blame Van Buren for horrible situation
782
Refer to him as martin van ruin – blamed for depression
783
Because he is not doing much
whigs say that are going to step in and fix economy
784
Pushes people to look towards whigs and they gain a lot of appeal during van buren’s president
785
After Jackson: William Henry Harrison (1841) – whig candidate modelled after jackson’s campaign of log cabin and hard cider to depict him as a common man even though was not
