Antenatal Problems 1 Flashcards
(89 cards)
What are some risk factors for hyperemesis gravidarum?
- Multiple pregnancies
- Molar pregnancies
- First pregnancy
- Hormone administration e.g. infertility treatment
- Raised BMI
Due to higher levels of hCG
What are some signs/symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum?
Usually 1st trimester
- Nausea and vomiting
- Weight loss
- Excess salivation, ptyalism (inability to swallow saliva)
- Reduced urine output
- Epigastric pain
- Haematemesis (mallory-weirs tears)
What are some maternal and foetal complications of hyperemesis gravidarum?
Maternal
- Liver and renal failure
- Hyponatraemia and rapid reversal of hyponatraemia leading to central pontine myelinosis
- Thiamie deficiency can lead to Wernicke’s encephalopathy
- Can be fatal if untreated
Foetal
- IUGR if mother loses 10%+ of body weight
What is the diagnostic triad of hyperemesis gravidarum?
- More than 5% pre-pregnancy weight loss
- Dehydration
- Electrolyte imbalances
What investigations are done in hyperemesis gravidarum?
- Urinalysis = detect ketones
- MSU to exclude UTI
- FBC = raised haemaocrit
- U&Es to exclude hypokalaemia or hyponatraemia
- LFTs = transaminases may be abnormal and albumin may be low
- US to diagnose multiple pregnancies or a molar pregnancy
DDx of hyperemesis gravidarum? When would you be more suspecting of alternative diagnosis?
Particularly consider if the symptoms start after week 10
- Gastroenteritis
- Cholecystitis
- Hepatitis
- Pancreatitis
- Peptic ulcer
- Pyelonephritis
- Metabolic cause eg diabetic ketoacidosis
- Neurological cause eg migraine
What is the treatment hyperemesis gravidarum?
Admit if not tolerating oral fluids
IV fluids - 0.9% NaCl + KCl as guided by electrolyte monitoring (daily U&Es)
Antiemetics
- 1st line: cyclizine 50mg TDS
- 2nd line: metoclopramide 10mg TDS
If vomiting unresponsive to fluids and antiemetic, consider a trial of corticosteroids:
- Prednisolone 40-50mg PO daily in divided doses
OR
- Hydrocortisone 100mg/12hr IV
IV thiamine if prolonged
Define:
- SGA
- Severe SGA
Small for gestational age = an infant born with a birth weight less than 10th percentile for its gestational age
Severe SGA = birth weight less than 3rd centile
Can either be constitutionally small (not pathological) or IUGR (placenta or non-placenta mediated)
What can cause placental insufficiency?
- Low pregnancy-weight
- Nutritional status
- Substance abuse
- Altitude (lower oxygen = smaller baby)
- Pre-existing disease
- Pregnancy-related disease eg Diabtes/hypertension
- Infections
What are the main antenatal complications of SGA?
Antenatal
- Stillbirth
- Preterm labour
- Low birth weight linked with sudden infant death syndrome
How may SGA present? What would indicate need for referral for USS?
Serial measurements of symphysis fundal height may be reduced or slow down
Refer for USS if:
- Single SFH measurement < 10th centile
- SFH is 2cm less than gestation
- Static growth
What investigation is used to assess growth velocity? What indicates constitutionally small vs IUGR?
USS
Estimated foetal weight is plotted
If baby remains in same growth centile as it grows, suggests it is constitutionally small
If baby drops down centiles indicates IUGR
What are the most reliable foetal measurements between:
8-10 weeks
16-20 weeks
8-10 weeks = crown-rump length
16-20 weeks = biparietal diameter
What is the primary surveillance tool for SGA foetus? What is the management using this?
UAD (uterine artery doppler)
- If normal UAD, growth scans and UAD should be carried out every 2-3 weeks - if UAD remains normal, aim for IOL at 37 weeks
- If high resistance on UAD, review growth scans and UAD weekly - aim to prevent in utero damage associated with placental dysfunction whilst maximising the gestation to avoid prematurity complications
Define:
- LGA
- Macrosomia
LGA = above 90th centile in weight for gestation
Macrosomia = excessive intrauterine growth beyond a specific threshold regardless of gestational age (birth weight > 4000 or 4500g)
What are some causes of LGA?
- Gestational DM (most common)
- Gestational trophoblastic disease
- Constitutional
- Obesity
- Fetal abnormality
- Intrauterine infection
How does gestational DM increase fetal weight?
Mother’s increased blood glucose circulates to the baby which in response produces insulin = fetal pancreatic cell hyperplasia leads to hyperinsulinaemia and fat deposition
What is polyhydramnios?
Increased liquor (increased amniotic fluid)
What must be normal in order for an LGA to be considered constitutional?
- Normal maternal blood glucose
- Normal placenta
- Normal liquor volume
What are some potential complications of LGA?
- Dystocia (obstructed labour) especially shoulder dystocia - brachial plexus injury
- Birth trauma - perineal tearing, blood loss, damage to coccyx
- Hypoglycaemia of baby after delivery
- Left colon syndrome = self-limiting condition where temporary bowel obstruction occurs (mimicks Hirshsprung’s disease)
- Hyperbilirubinaemia
What investigations should be done for LGA?
- Glucose tolerance test - check for gestational DM
- If polyhydraminos is found in the absence of gestational DM, fetal infection may be cause so check IgM and IgG to toxoplasma, rubella, CMV and herpes
- USS
- CTG
- Umbilical artery doppler - not useful unless pre-eclampsia or IUGR develop
What is the management of LGA?
- Position adjustment during birth to reduce need for episiotomy
- Induction of labour if gestational diabetes
What is prolonged pregnancy?
Pregnancy that exceeds >42wks gestation (294 days)
What happens beyond 41 weeks gestation?
- Increased potential for placental insufficiency - higher risk of foetal acidaemia and meconium aspiration in labour
- Neonatal hypoglycaemia - reduced oxygen and nutrient transfer due to placental degradation can deplete foetal glycogen stores