anterior abdominal wall

Question 1

what are the layers of the abdominal wall?

Answer 1

external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal

Question 2

what are the main muscles of the abdominal wall

Answer 2

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis

Question 3

where does the external oblique run?

Answer 3

inferiorly and anteriorly until the aponeurosis

Question 4

what is the aponeurosis

Answer 4

sheet of white fibrous tissue which takes the place of a tendon in sheet-like muscles

Question 5

what is the most superficial abdominal muscle?

Answer 5

external oblique

Question 6

where does the internal oblique run?

Answer 6

runs from ribs superiorly to iliac crest inferiorly

most middle layer

Question 7

where does the rectus abdominis run?

Answer 7

from the xiphoid process to pubic synthesis

Question 8

what causes the formation of a 6 pack in the rectus abdominis?

Answer 8

tendinous intersections

Question 9

what is the linea alba?

Answer 9

fibrous section that runs down the midline the rectus abdominis

Question 10

why does the aponeurosis attach to the linea alba?

Answer 10

no other points of bony attachment

Question 11

what forms the rectus sheath?

Answer 11

formed by aponeurosis of the external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis

Question 12

what blood vessels innervate the abdominal wall?

Answer 12

internal thoracic arteries

Question 13

what arteries does the internal thoracic arteries branch from?

Answer 13

subclavian

Question 14

what do internal thoracic arteries turn into?

Answer 14

superior epigastric arteries

Question 15

what do inferior epigastric arteries arise from?

Answer 15

external iliac artery

Question 16

where is the inguinal ligament?

Answer 16

border between superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

Question 17

how is the inguinal ligament formed?

Answer 17

Aponeurosis of the external oblique (it’s inferior border) rolls under itself

Question 18

what is found inside the inguinal canal?

Answer 18

femoral nerves, arteries and veins

also spermatic cord

Question 19

where do the gonads develop before they descend?

Answer 19

abdominal wall

Question 20

describe the route of descent of the testes?

Answer 20

develop in abdomen wall
through pelvis
through abdomen wall
inguinal canals
scrotum

Question 21

what is a hernia

Answer 21

protrusion of the peritoneum and viscera (e.g. small intestine) through an opening or weakness

Question 22

what is the most common type of abdominal hernia?

Answer 22

inguinal hernia

Question 23

where do inguinal hernias occur?

Answer 23

at some point along the inguinal canal

Question 24

why do inguinal hernias occur mainly in males?

Answer 24

they have a larger inguinal canal

Question 25

what kind of hernias do women mainly get?

Answer 25

femoral hernias

Question 26

what is the major risk of hernias?

Answer 26

blood supply being cut off - strangulation

Question 27

what are the types of hernia and explain each?

Answer 27

direct - acquired, rarely enters scrotum indirect - congenital, present from birth, commonly enters scrotum

Question 28

why do direct hernias mainly occur in middle aged men?

Answer 28

may have gained weight  more fat increases abdominal pressure

Question 29

how is the gut split?

Answer 29

foregut midgut hindgut

Question 30

what structures make up the foregut?

Answer 30

oesophagus, stomach, 1st part of the duodenum, liver pancreas and spleen

Question 31

what vessel supplies the foregut?

Answer 31

coeliac trunk

Question 32

when does the foregut become the midgut?

Answer 32

second part of duodenum

Question 33

what structures are found in the midgut?

Answer 33

caudal duodenum, small and large intestine up to splenic flexure

Question 34

what vessel supplies the midgut?

Answer 34

superior mesenteric artery

Question 35

when does the midgut become the hindgut?

Answer 35

two thirds along the way of the transverse colon

Question 36

what structures make up the hindgut?

Answer 36

splenic flexure, descending, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal

Question 37

what vessel supplies the hindgut?

Answer 37

inferior mesenteric artery

Question 38

what type of muscle makes up the oesophagus?

Answer 38

Upper 1/3 voluntary striated muscle | Lower 1/3 smooth muscle

Question 39

what are the constrictions of the oesophagus and where are they found?

Answer 39

cervical - UOS thoracic - when aortic arch and left main bronchus cross over the oesophagus diaphragmatic - when the oesophagus passes into the diaphragm

Question 40

where does the oesophagus enter the stomach?

Answer 40

cardinal orifice

Question 41

what innervates the stomach?

Answer 41

vagus nerve

Question 42

describe the structure and location of the upper oesophageal sphincter?

Answer 42

ring of skeletal circular muscle in the cricopharyngeus | found at the inferior border of the pharynx/superior border of the oesophagus

Question 43

why is the lower oesophageal sphincter a physiological sphincter?

Answer 43

no thickening of muscle

Question 44

what anatomical adaptations aid the lower oesophageal sphincter?

Answer 44

oesophagus enters the stomach at an acute angle | right crus of the diaphragm has a pinch-cock effect

Question 45

what is the right crus of the diaphragm?

Answer 45

one of the muscular attachments of the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae

Question 46

what are rugae?

Answer 46

folds of the stomach

Question 47

what is the oesophagogastric junction?

Answer 47

change in mucosa from stratified squamous to simple columnar/glandular mucosa

Question 48

what does the duodenum curve around?

Answer 48

the head of the pancreas

Question 49

what are the parts of the duodenum

Answer 49

1 – superior, 2 – descending, 3 – horizontal, 4 – ascending

Question 50

what feeds into the duodenum at the 2nd part?

Answer 50

bile duct and pancreatic duct

Question 51

what are plicae circulares?

Answer 51

folds of the duodenum

Question 52

where is the jejunum found?

Answer 52

left upper quadrant of the small intestine

Question 53

where is the ileum found?

Answer 53

right lower quadrant of the small intestine

Question 54

describe the differences between the jejunum and ileum

Answer 54

jejunum has longer vasa recta great vascularity lots of plicae circularis ileum has Peyer's patches

Question 55

what are haustra?

Answer 55

outward bubbles of the large intestine wall

Question 56

what do haustra form?

Answer 56

semi lunar folds

Question 57

what are tenia coli?

Answer 57

bands of longitudinal muscle which run the length of the large intestine

Question 58

what are omental appendices?

Answer 58

fatty tags

Question 59

what is the most common position of the appendix?

Answer 59

retro-caecal