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Anth 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anthropology

A

The study of the human condition or species, its evolution thru time, its variations over time and space

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2
Q

two things anthropology strives to do

A

Make the familiar strange
make the strange familiar

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3
Q

Kottak anthropology

A

organized life in groups
study of human species and its immediate ancestors

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4
Q

4 fields of anthropology

A

cultural, archaeological, biological, linguistic

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5
Q

Cultural anthropolgy

A

cultural being social can be learned through direct or indirect ways
ex: how we view things socially such as female swimmers

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6
Q

archaeological anthropology

A

looking at past cultures or artifacts that allow anthropologists to draw conclusions about social organization, diet, culture shift, etc.

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7
Q

biological anthropology

A

focuses on human biological diversity in time and space units through human evolution, genetics, growth/development, biological plasticity, primates

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8
Q

What do anthropologists strive to show

A

to explain similarities and differences among humans through comparison

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9
Q

Enculturation

A

learning our cultures from the times of birth throughout our lives; can be direct (told) or indirect (picking up through observation)

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10
Q

holism

A

the study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture

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11
Q

applied anthropology

A

application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify and assess contemporary social problems

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12
Q

anthropologu as a qualitative science

A

more depth driven; less focused on data

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13
Q

anthropology as a quantitive science

A

number driven science

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14
Q

ethnography

A

based on fieldwork and provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture

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15
Q

ethnology

A

based on cross cultural comparison and examines, compares, interprets, and analyzes results of ethnography (more global and theoretical)

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16
Q

Bronislaw Malinowski

A

one of founding fathers of anthropology; consolidated an ethnographic fieldwork program while in trobrian islands during WWI

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17
Q

Malinowski’s approach

A
  1. cut yourself off from own kind of people
  2. immerse yourself in social world you’re studying (patterns, everyday life, anecdotes)
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18
Q

Point in Malinowski’s approach

A

in order to grasp the native’s point of view, his relation to life, and to realize his vision of his world

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19
Q

ethnographical research

A

long-term residence in community
- learning a new language/from of communication
- developing intimate relationships w people unlike you

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20
Q

participant observation

A

a characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing

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21
Q

rapport

A

good, friendly working relationship with the people you are working with (hosts)

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22
Q

emic

A

local perspectives, experiential particular

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23
Q

etic

A

outsider perspective, more scientific looking at the ‘big picture’

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24
Q

genealogical method

A

documenting who is related to who or who married who in order to get a good idea of patterns

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25
key cultural consultants
key informants; people who will help teach you; power is associated
26
life history
cultural biography looking in depth that can speak to the culture as a whole
27
longitudinal research
studies short research periods several frequencies to look at change over time
28
problem0oriented research
tries to solve larger social issues
29
team research
teams of scientists working together
30
multi-sited ethnography
having program with multiple sites
31
ethics
anthropologists have a duty to their field of study and must follow code of morals
32
informed consent
agreement to take part in the research after having been informed about its nature, procedures, and possible impacts
33
native realism
assuming everyone thinks with equality/on the same level on certain social issues/cultures
34
Definition of Culture
(E.B. Tyler) complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member society this was the first inclusive, anthropological definition of culture
35
Human culture is dependent on
1. symbolic communication 2. learning 3. The ability to live group all 3 rooted in human biology but don't depend upon biology
36
distinctive features of culture
learned, shared, symbolic, shapes and channel nature, all encompassing, integrated, adaptive/maladaptive, changing, inclusive/excludive
37
ethnocentrism
tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to apply one's own values in judgin the behavior and belief of people in other cultures
38
cultural relativism
viewpoint that behavior one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture; counteract ethnocentrism
39
diffusion
borrowing of culture between cultures; can be direct or indirect
40
acculturation
ongoing exchange of cultures in which either or both cultures can change; always direct
41
independent invention
process by which humans innovate create; common trends emerge independently
42
globalization
process that connects the changes in economic, technologic, social spheres; accentuates differences as well as individualization
43
international culture
extends beyond and across national boundaries ex: equality, democracy
44
national culture
values instilled and shared among those in the same nation ex: movies, dress
45
subcultures
different symbol based patterns and traditions associated with a particular group ex: ethnicity, job-related culture, being part of a team
46
symbol
signs that have no necessary or natural connection to the things they stand for
47
3 cultural dimensions
universality, generality, particularity
48
universality
certain things shared by everyone, very broad ex: language, kinship, marriage customs
49
generality
things a little more specific to each culture ex: english is a common language, monogamy is common type of marriage
50
particularity
less common things shared ex: polygamy practice
51
primate call systems
natural communication system that consists of a limited number of sounds (calls) produced only when environmental stimuli are encountered
52
cultural transmission
communication system through learning is a fundamental attribute of language
53
non-human primate language
washoe, lucy, other primates learned american sign language
54
productivity
change and new symbols/words can be created ex; jorts
55
displacement
language is not bound to specific times, situation, or places; abstract
56
conventionality
language is a constant force but is able to change over time
57
distinctive features of language
conventionality, displacement, productivity, culutural transmission
58
FOXP2 Gene
gene that can allow or restrict people from speaking
59
Nonverbal communication
human symbol systems are complex as well as their gestures and vocalizations
60
focal vocabulary
set of terms and definitions that certain groups of people come to share by way of mutual interest and participation in certain activies
61
semantics
language's meaning system
62
phoneme
sound contrast that makes a difference
63
phonology
study of speech sounds; considers what sounds are present and meaningful in a given language
64
minimal pairs
words that resemble each other in all but one sound
65
morpheme
words and their meaningful parts
66
morphology
studies how sounds comine words, focuses on morphemes
67
Noam Chomsky and Universal Grammar
He argues that as humans we have a born, innate language "colorless green ideas sleep furiously"- surface structure is meaningless is recognized as sentence; deep stricture=intelligible
68
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Edward Sapir/Benjamin Whorf the language a person speaks can significantly influence their worldview, thought processes, and even how they experience and understand the world
69
language and reality
there is no reality we can perceive that exists independently of language
70
Style shifts
switching dialects
71
Sociolinguistics
Investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation
72
Diglossia
applies to "high" and "low" variants of the same language
73
Ethnic group
members share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, norms, because of their common background
74
ethnicity
based on similarities and differences in a society or nation; it is inclusive and exclusive
75
race
when an ethnic group is assumed to have a biological basis
76
racism
discrimination against a race
77
Prejudice
devaluing a group based on its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes
78
Stereotypes
fixed ideas about what the members of a group are like
79
Discrimination
refers to policies and practices that harm a group and its members
80
race/ethnicity as social constructions
prejudices, stereotypes, discriminations, conflict violence, genocide, etc.
81
Thomas Theorem
W.I. Thomas: "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"
82
Genocide
deliberate elimination of a group
83
Ethnocide
force certain group of to adopt dominant culture (forced assimilation)
84
cultural colonialism
Internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others
85
Assimilation
process of change that a minority ethnic group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates -> melting pot
86
acculturation
more diverstiy and maintaining distinction while joining together -> tossed salad
87
minority group
subordinate ethnic groups
88
Majority group
superior, more dominant ethnic groups
89
social stratification
sharp social divisions based on unequal power
90
hypodescent
rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members if different socioeconomic groups in less privileged
91
Burakumin in Japan
did unclean jobs and were looked down upon, as well as anyone in their lineage
92
Race in Brazil
has many different classifications such as hair color, eye color, facial features, etc.
93
benedict Anderson
accoding to anderson's theory of imagined communites, the main causes of nationalism are the declining importance of privileged access to particular script languages
94
nation-states as imagined communities
1. capitalism (system of produciton and productive relations) 2. Print technology (newspaper) 3. The fatlity of linguistic diversity
95
characteristics of a nation state
imagined: don't see most members limited; not everyone can be in it sovereign; free community: alike bc its a nation
96
plural society
group maintain ecological/economic specializations so that competition and antagonism between them is minimized
97
mulitculturalism
cutural diversity is encouraged such as the US
98
creationism
part of biblical worldview assuming that God created the universe and all living things
99
Catastrophism
developed as an alternative attempt to make sense of the fossil record; sought to explain today's species
100
evolutionism
assumes that existing animal species evolved gradually out of common ancestors
101
uniformitarianism
states that the present is the key to the past
102
darwin/wallace
presented going theory of natural selection stating that there was 1. variation within a population 2. competition for strategic resources 3. bc of variations some organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce than others 4. over time, less fit organisms are replaced
103
mendelian genetics
studies the way in which chromosomes transmit gene across the generations
104
population genetics
investigates natural selection and other causes of genetic variation, stability, and change in breeding populations
105
alleles
different forms of a given gene
106
independent assortment
chromosomes are inherited independently of each other

S24 (3 decks)

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