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anth 2301 linda matthei texas am commerce > Anth linda matthei texas am commerce > Flashcards

Anth linda matthei texas am commerce Flashcards

1
Q

Religion is a cultural

A

universal

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2
Q

Religion is the

A

Assumption that there are SUPERNATURAL” forces or beings that give shape and meaning to the universe

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3
Q

When they say that religion is an “assumption” what do they mean?

A

No proof, one assumes

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4
Q

Religion is based on “what”?

A

faith

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5
Q

Faith does not have

A

a scientific base

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6
Q

When they say that religion gives shape to the universe, what does it mean?

A

Morals, creation myths, how we got to be here.

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7
Q

Who was the first anthropologists to undertake a systematic study of religion cross-culturally…?

A

E.B. Tylor

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8
Q

What does the term “Armchair Anthropologist” mean?

A

That they stayed home, and didn’t actually visit, but studied from home.

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9
Q

What did E.B. Tylor argue?

A

that “primitive” societies are preoccupied with dreams, trances, and death

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10
Q

E.B Tylor said that earliest societies believed that everything in the universe had….what?

A

a belief in a dual existence

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11
Q

Belief in a dual existence, means that everything has a ____ and _____.

A

body and a spirit

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12
Q

E.B. Tylor came up with model for what?

A

religion

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13
Q

Animists believe that when we dream, our spirit…

A

leaves the body and goes out and does stuff- talking to dead,

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14
Q

when an animist wakes up from a dream, the spirit

A

has returned to the body

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15
Q

E.B. Tylor said “what happened to religion as our reasoning becomes more clear?”

A

religious beliefs evolve as the reasoning becomes more complex.

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16
Q

What is the definition of Animism?

A

Belief in a dual existence.

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17
Q

What is the definition of Polytheism?

A

Belief in multiple Gods.

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18
Q

What is the definition of Monotheism?

A

Belief in one supreme being.

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19
Q

What did Tylor believe would happen to religion as science grew?

A

That religion would die out.

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20
Q

Tylor believes that the function of religion does what?

A

Explains the unexplained.

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21
Q

A lot of anthropologists argue that Tylor missed the ______ form of religion; What?

A

earliest form of religion. Which is; a belief in IMPERSONAL FORCES.

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22
Q

the belief in impersonal forces is called

A

Animatism.

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23
Q

Animatism is a belief that certain people and objects can bring fortune?

A

True, they believe that the object has a supernatural force that can bring luck.

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24
Q

What does Polynesia believe in?

A

Mana

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25
Q

In Polynesia, the belief that amount of Mana you have is determined by what?

A

Your social status

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26
Q

Mana has no particular characterists, its just a powerful ____ that People and ____ have more of less of.

A

Force; Objects

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27
Q

People with low social status have how much mana compared to a higher individual ?

A

Less.

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28
Q

Spirit beings are the same as Tylors what?

A

Animism

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29
Q

Ancestor Spirits are of ____ origin.

A

Human

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30
Q

Ancestor spirits are created how?

A

When a person dies, spirit and body separate and the spirits continue to live on.

31
Q

If the ancestor spirits are upset, they can cause …?

A

Illness and misfortune.

32
Q

Garifuna believe in ancestor spirits called what?

A

Gubida

33
Q

Many rituals are performed to keep the Gubida happy; 3

A

Amuidahani, Chugu,and dugu

34
Q

What is Amuidahani?

A

Bathing the ancestors

35
Q

What is Chugu?

A

Week long; use of a Shaman,in a temple. 24hrs/5days dancing raw rum on floor, people start “trancing” ancestors will tell them what they want, after day 5 food is brought in..small animal sacrifice.

36
Q

Why is Chugu performed?

A

To please the displeased spirits because you’ve neglected them a little.

37
Q

What is Dugu? and why is it performed?

A

It’s the same as Chugu- only lasts 2 weeks and its done to appease / please ancestors.

38
Q

The belief in Gods/esses is what type of practice?

A

Polytheism

39
Q

Gods and Goddesses are not of ____ origin.

A

human

40
Q

Polytheism is more powerful than the other 3 religions?

A

True

41
Q

Each God and Goddess controls a different part of the ____.

A

Universe.

42
Q

In Polytheism there is usually a supreme God, that has control of entire universe, but….

A

he stays out aloof, because he is too busy.

43
Q

What did Anthoney Wallace argue about religion?

A

Argues that religions evolve through stages but one doesn’t necessarily replace another

44
Q

The first type of religion Wallace stated was ____. and it is usually found in ___ type societies.

A

Shamanic religion typically found in band level societies

45
Q

List characterists of being a Shaman. (5)

A

Part time, Powers to heal and see the future, Direct link to supernatural, People go though torture to become Shamans, often people who don’t fit gender roles of society.

46
Q

The second type of religion that Wallace stated was ____. and it was usually found in ____ societies at a ___level.

A

Communal; Typically found among horticulturalists at tribal level

47
Q

List characteristics of Communal religions.

A

Not full time, concerned about their crops.

48
Q

What types of rituals might attract shamans to Communal type religions?

A

Pests/insect rituals, raindances, fertility of women / crops..

49
Q

The third type of religion that Wallace stated was ____. and it was usually found in ___ that were _____ into state level politics.

A

Olympian; Found in societies practicing small scale agriculture with transition to state level political systems

50
Q

List characteristics of Olympian religions.

A

Full time specialists (priests/priestess) who undergo specialized training,
They ensure that correct rituals are carried out,
Don’t necessarily have a direct link with the supernatural they act as mediators.
hierarchy of priests and priestesses
polytheistic

51
Q

The fourth religion that Wallace stated was _____. Usually found in ______.

A

Monotheism, large scale agriculture.

52
Q

In Large scale Agriculture societies, religious specialists are usually…

A

male

53
Q

In Tylors terms, religion….

A

explains the unexplainable

54
Q

Durkheim said that religion…

A

binds communities together

55
Q

Karl Marx said that religion…

A

religion is a mechanism of social control

56
Q

Sir James Frazer said that…

A

religious feelings are characterized by a sense of humility…

57
Q

Since we have little control over the supernatural, we can only…

A

Appease / Please it.

58
Q

If you believe in magic, you believe that you can ____ the supernatural with the right formula…

A

control

59
Q

What is Imitative magic?

A

you act out on some object what you want to happen

60
Q

What is a positive and negative example of Imitative Magic?

A

+ Fertility figure…- Voodoo.

61
Q

What is Contagious Magic?

A

Contangious magic requires something that has been in touch with a person

62
Q

Examples of things that can be used for Contagious magic?

A

hair, feces, blood, saliva, nail clippings…

63
Q

Religious Syncretism occurs when?

A

occurs in societies in societies undergoing rapid change and domination

64
Q

What are some Revitalization movements?

A

Ghost Dance religion, cargo cults

65
Q

What is the ghost dance religion?

A

belief that if they danced, the earth would open up and whiteman would disappear and buffalo would return.

66
Q

Where does the Ghost dance occur?

A

In groups that feel they have / are being oppressed and those who want the oppressors gone.

67
Q

How to ward off magic?

A

4 sea stars in the corner of your home. Or a croton plant (Jamacia) plant.

68
Q

What are the common traits of Cargo Cults?

A

Religion based focus on 1 leader, charismatic and has chemistry..

69
Q

Why do people join cults?

A

Because they feel they don’t belong; and they identify with the leader.

70
Q

Cults are built around one leader who is ____ and ____.

A

respected and admired.

71
Q

What are sects?

A

Churches that break away from mother church because they are not following the right path.

72
Q

The sects call themselves ______.

A

Fundamentalists.

73
Q

Sects don’t focus on 1 person, they…

A

follow the bible strictly.

anth 2301 linda matthei texas am commerce (1 decks)

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