Anthro 012 Final Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
5 Factors of Inequality
A
- Population Size
- Political Complexity
- Resources/Production
- Technology
- Institutional Variability
2
Q
What is a chiefdom?
A
hierarchy (one or heterarchy levels), warfare is common, not yet state, ranked socially and politically
3
Q
What is a “Big Men” Society
A
charisma, loyalty, ability,
rabbits example,
leads to chiefdoms sometimes, hold favors and obligations
4
Q
American Southwest?
A
Yucca, Seeds, Sunflower seeds, Cactus;
farming supplements hunter-gathering;
spread field out, storage, divert water, grew farming capabilites
5
Q
Hohokam?
trade/descendants/farm
A
maize, beans, cotton;
O’odham descendant of arizona;
traded tropical bird feathers and copper
6
Q
Acequias?
A
of hohokam, these were irrigation canals still used today
7
Q
two types of relationships
A
reciprocity: exchange for mutual benefit but often delayed
kinship: familial obligations with inheritance and ownership (trade routes and land) Eskimo is us
8
Q
what was the old thought about social complexity? what is it now?
A
Unilineal: savagery-barbarism-civilization;
Now: nonlinear, bands/tribes/chiefdom/states change as pop increase but not necessarily leading to next one
9
Q
Complexity and Inequality
A
Do not Correlate
10
Q
Technology/Resources to Australia for first time?
A
Sailing vessls/navigation,
pigs/chickens, root crops taro/yams
11
Q
Lapita Culture
A
Melanesia - micronesia, polynesia, tahiti, hawaii, new zealand, easter island,
used some technology as to get to australia to get to these other places, complex stamps on pottery
12
Q
ancestral pueblo?
A
4 corners: utah, newmexico, colorado, arizona;
farmed maize with rainfall;
pithouse villages replaced with clay adobe pueblos;
kivas: sunken religious centers
13
Q
Chaco Canyon?
A
New Mexico;
large towns/road;
environment drought meant didn’t stay long; not enough evidence to prove state authority;
trade: turquoise, copper bells, seashells, macaws
14
Q
Mesa Verde?
A
California; kivas in large towns, abandoned quickly
15
Q
Northeast America?
A
settled around floodplains and rivervalleys;
maize came from west but they farmed on their own first;
ceremonial burial bounds for important ancestors
16
Q
Adena/Hopewell?
A
Lots of ceremonial mounds; this told a lot about heirarchy ranking in elaborate burials or not
17
Q
Mississippian culture?
A
river valley; powerful chiefdoms; flat or cone mounds
18
Q
southeastern ceremonial complex?
A
this means that a lot of the rituals and art was similar in chiefdoms in the southeast
19
Q
Cahokia?
A
illinois; 120 mounds in 6 miles; population was larger than london at the time (40k);
traded marine shells, obsidian, copper, pottery
20
Q
Monk’s Mound?
A
found in the cahokia mounds, this was biggest burial at time 102 ft tall and 16 acres
21
Q
Mesopotamia
A
Tigris and Euphrates river was fertile crescent land
22
Q
‘Ubaid Culture?
A
mesopotamia; figurines and pottery in occupational specialization; irrigation/small villages/trade/central religion;
elites show up here
23
Q
Eridu?
A
Ubaid town;
5000 people
24
Q
The Great Ziggurat of Eridu?
A
glazed bricks covering 8 football fields in Eridu which is town of ‘Ubaid in Mesopotamia
25
writing in mesopotamia?
clay tokens turned into cuneiform tablets for money transactions
26
Africa important sections?
Nile River: Egypt, Nubia, Meroë
West Africa: Ghana, Mali, Songhay
South Africa: Zimbabwe
27
Egypt?
Nile River;
largest civilization at time bc all villages lining nile came together;
this was a weird state bc it didnt have high pop densities and there was a lot of open space between villages;
scribes had lots of power bc controlled labor - pharoahs created;
28
what 3 kingdoms dominated the nile river?
1. Naqada
2. Nekken
3. This
29
2 Egypt theories of civilization?
Old: everything developed separated bc Nile was isolated and self-sufficient
New: Afrocentrism: this culture came from africa bc more similar with nubia than mesopotamia even though closer
30
Nubia?
Nile River; egypt rules them until they retreated;
popular with slaves, gold, ivory
31
kerma?
Nubia city with burial mounds/pyramids and 10m brick walls
32
Meroë?
controlled forking of Nile between the two rivers; big trade region; used camel caravans; reached rome and china with trade
33
Ghana Kingdom?
west africa;
Niger and Senegal rivers;
got gold from rivers for gold ivory and salt trades; split back into chiefdoms
34
Mali Empire?
west africa; came from ghana;
Mansa Musa got rich then tanked economy with gold he gave away
TImbuktu: islam faith center
35
Songhay Kingdom?
west africa;
after Mali, the Gao leaders took over and made Songhay;
Sonni Ali monopolized gold and ivory
36
why/when did ghana mali songhay all decline?
when america was founded, the gold from there made what they were producing not enough to do anything with - made it less needed basically
37
Great Zimbabwe?
south africa;
"house of stone;"
lots of trade happened here;
Karanga people had hereditary leaders and were big farmers;
38
the great enclosure?
in great zimbabwe, this showed the complexity that was developing with their structures and was 90 m wide and 10 m tall
39
why did zimbabwe depopulate?
the land was overgrazed bc there was so much overpopulation there, so people moved out before the europeans even got there
40
What is a State?
a group of people organized under the authority of a single powerful government;
complexity increases as power becomes more centralized;
the authority organizes internal and external relations
41
what is a paramount chiefdom?
leaders ruling leaders who rule leaders who rule people
42
What does a bureaucratic government need?
- specialization of functions (leaders in politics/economic/military/priest);
- fixed rules and enforcement of these;
- hierarchy of authority
43
what makes elites vs. non-elites?
these are social classes caused by:
- levying taxes
- enrollment into military
- forced labor
these are required if they want to be a part of this state
44
how are the leaders in a state usually accumulating wealth?
taxes and tributes to stay in power
45
what kinds of capital do the elites have? what are they?
political capital: make/enforce laws;
economic capital: resources/workers to create more money;
social capital: relationships gives me more influence of power;
ideological capital: influence religious beliefs/culture
these can get passed down to children bc they are held
46
what is a dynasty?
a succession of people from the same family who play a prominent role in society
47
what does a state have more of?
occupational specialization with goods, farming, trade
48
what technology have states developed?
writing systems, number systems, science/math/astronomy, weights and measure system
49
What do states have in regard to architecture?
city planning leads to urbanized vs non-urbanized which is inequality, architecture of monuments, public utilities (bath) and good structures in grids
50
What are the theories of the origins of states?
V. Gordon Childe: the urban revolution --- farmers and craftspeople had to support each other;
Wittfogel: the hydraulic hypothesis --- building irrigation systems needed organized labor, that's where the power/control first appeared;
Renfrew: redistribution model --- controlling trade made a few wealthy with authority;
Carneiro: warfare model --- large territories surrounding them made them need to grow to fight in war with the big ones;
Sanders: environmental model --- risk management of environments during bad seasons needed leaders;
Agency Theories: people begin to exercise power to gain organization
Ideology Theories: power of elite/religious beings creates inequality
there is no one-size fits all for how states came to be
51
Indus River Plains
lowlands of river in south asia through tibet and kashmir, the snow melted and made the land easily farmable so city-states appeared;
good farming but isolated from other resources so had to trade a lot;
52
what are the arguments over trade in the highlands and lowlands?
some think trade wasn't important and that the complexity develops before overseas trade happens, we do see extensive trade networks later in their development though between these two regions
53
who did indus valley trade with?
started with the highlands for resources like semiprecious stones, wood, and metals, then traded with mesopotamia for ivory, oil, gold, silver, carnelian, lapis
54
Indus Civilization characteristics
sumerians called this area "Meluhha"
1/2 million square miles;
more like egypt than mesopotamia
heavily based on agriculture, with heavy focus on belief and culture in this area
55
2 popular cities of Harappa (Indus River Valley)
Harappa
Mohenjo-Daro
both built on artificial mounds bc of the annual flooding
there were 5, but only 2 well known to public
56
Mohenjo Daro?
largest of the 5 cities (40k)
citadel: fortified home of rulers
formal planning with grid pattern
water/sewer systems
floods happened often, so needed flood control systems to redirect away from walls of state
rich/poor neighborhoods;
markets;
the great bath;
multiple families together/multistory houses/kitchens/courtyards
57
writing in the indus river valley
pictographic writing system but not deciphered
58
how did the indus river valley decline?
sixth GREAT FLOOD caused abandonment OR rivers erode and moved farther away from town so no trade movement to get goods OR Ganges river gets popular so no need for anything near indus valley OR indus valley conquered by persian empire
59
Southeast Asian civilization grew why?
rice cultivation and bronze metallurgy
60
Iron Age Southeast Asia
came from india or china, this age was a lot of change in leadership and control shifts
61
Funan?
Mekong Delta;
"port of a thousand rivers"
bronze, silver, gold, spices, horses by sea
hindu influence in this area brought by trade (this was important)
62
Angkor State
developed out of Tonle Sap
hard to gain stability with authority bc the region was so self-sufficient
founded by Jayavarman II (reincarnation of Siva, creater/destroyer/protector) who developed structures and religious pictures
63
Angkor Wat in Angkor State?
a disciple of Jayavarman built this
land surrounded by barrays which are moats to symbolize what surrounds Mount Meru
now, covered in banyan tree which are strangler trees
64
Indonesia?
control of water ways is important here;
trade was busy between islands and to mainland;
HINDU-BUDDHISM combination because people would only trade with their religious affiliations
65
Srivijaya Kingdom
trade routes controlled through the straits of Malaka;
spices and goods stopped here when going from india to china
NUTMEG trade
66
Matarm Kingdom
island of java; sometimes ally/rival of srivijaya
rice, freshwater food sources
67
what/where was Borobudur?
largest buddhist structure found in kingdom of mataram
68
Majapahit Kingdom
"bitter fruit", made indonesia one single state power
kings were seen as Vishnu God
delegated power in each state but still central control
69
why did majapahit kingdom decline?
conflict over who should succeed kingdom caused decline - taken over by malaka sultan
70
What were the notable kingdoms/states in south asia?
Indus River Valleys (lowland/highland)
Meluhha (this is an indus river valley)
Harappa
Mohenjodaro
71
What were the notable kingdoms/states in southeast asia?
Funan
Angkor State
Indonesia
Srivijaya Kingdom
Mataram Kingdom
Majapahit Kingdom
72
What were the notable kingdoms/states in East Asia?
China
Xia
73
China?
civilization developed independently
patchwork of small kingdoms
mythological emperor Huang Di founded chinese empire
74
Xia
first chinese dynasty
regional kings elevated to emperor status
75
Shang Dynasty
rulers/nobles segregated from commoners;
foundation for larger chinese empires;
occupational specialization and intricate burial mounds for royalties;
had military
76
what was capital city of shang dynasty?
Anyang had good architecture and built around palace
77
what were some occupational specializations found in shang dynasty?
ivory bronze pottery jade textiles
78
what is scapulomancy?
reading oracle bones by breaking bone, reading cracks, writing prediction/prayer on bone
79
Korean Peninsula?
Gojoseon Kingdom in north: pottery/bronze tools, Han dynasty conquered them, started troubles with china over independence
Jin States in south: defend against gojoseon invasions, independent states/kingdoms
80
what is the 3 kingdoms period in korean peninsula?
goguryeo
baekje
silla
81
4 mesoamerican time periods?
1. archaic - hunter/gatherer, no agri
2. pre-classic/formative - Olmec, form Maya
3. classic - maya peak
4. post-classic - maya collapse
82
what starts to develop in the preclassic period in mesoamerica?
people were foragers, marine resources and forest resources
sedentary villages got more common
some complexity begins to form in southern highlands (gulf coast)
83
Oaxaca?
Valley of Oaxaca - maize and bean supported dozens of small villages here;
7 chiefdoms, some grow like Monte Albán
Zapotec/Mixtec fight, zapotec win
84
Olmec?
fertile soil along gulf coast with set of chiefdoms
- lots of art motifs and symbols (olmec colossal head)
lots of trade between these chiefdoms
developed first in Situ but complexity sprung about suddenly
85
what was olmec known for?
Olmec colossal heads
Ballgame - some heads are wearing ballgame helmets, played in I court with hoops and only hips
86
Maya?
lived alongside Olmec even though some think that they derived from
87
Cuello in Belize
site of Maya ceremonial center with small pyramid
88
Maya hieroglyphics
syllabaries - european scribes made dictionary, but spanish priests burned them bc they were the devils work
maya calendar cycle with specific ceremonial and event dates
revealed that maya was a collection of city-states competing rather than empire
89
Maya Rulers?
divine kings appointed (demonstrate lineage to divine gods to be ruler)
ceremonies to appoint were important
90
Maya sacrifice?
sometimes real, but mostly just blood sacrifice of rulers
foreskin/tongue cut and rope passed through by obsidian blades or stingray spine to be burned to give to god
91
Maya political cycle
city-states got bigger, rulers got more rulers, prosper, group of states overthrow another leader, another state comes to power
92
Teotihuacán?
"home of the gods" in Nahuati
major power
quetzalcoatl in this area gets a pyramid
93
Aztec Empire?
military was important (included ranks)
large territory and population, social ranking all the way up
laws and punishments were complex
94
What was the aztec capital?
tenochtitlán
symbolized center of the universe
built in lake as island surrounded by water
200,000 people
95
what were the andes time periods?
1. pre ceramic - pre ceramic
2. initial - complexity begins
3. early horizon - centralizing power
4. early intermediate - decentralization (polities form smaller)
5. middle horizon - 2 main polities conquer
6. late intermediate - 2 main polities fall
7. late horizon - inca
96
Andes
drying desert on earth
himalayas are the only higher altitude population
regions developed separately into states
marine resources were big here bc farm hard
97
Chinchorro?
semi-sedentary foragers for water resources
earliest mummies made here
earliest tattoo in americas
98
when did each location in the andes develop?
chinchorro - preceramic
chavín - early horizon
moche/nazca - early intermediate
tiwanaku, wari - middle horizon
sican, chimu, chachapoya - late intermediate
inca - late horizon
99
chavín?
stone pottery metal distinctive art
Chavin de huantar - artificial pyramid mountain
thought earth floated on vast ocean and water led to the milky way
100
Moche?
northern coastal peru
warfare was major/religious importance
brought down bc of droughts
101
Nazca?
huacas (hills/mountains) held pyramids
corn, potatoes, cotton
geoglyphs - pictures in red sand
llamas/guinea pigs sacrificed or eaten
cranial modifications
trophy heads after war
102
tiwanaku?
lake titicaca, very wealthy
very powerful in region and mysteriously collapsed
103
wari?
huge stone walls
periphery states provided for the core
trophy heads and ritual warfare
104
Sicán?
filled the moche collapse
very good gold work
overthrown by chimu
105
chimu?
overthrew sican
12 river valleys farmed by them
main site: chan chan
106
chachapoya?
northern peru chiefdoms
crossroads of trade between amazon and northern coast
mummies in cliff dwellings
tall/strong/fierce warriors
107
Inca?
unified highlands and lowlands
called "tawantinusyu" meaning the four regions together centered at cusco
organized by Ayllu (family clans)
108
who was the only inca ruler?
sapa inca - wanted to keep conquering
109
what is ayllus in incan culture?
mummies were still alive and lived with you still - fed, clothed, asked advice of
this is what caused the new rulers ot have to conquer new land bc the old ones were still ruled by the dead people
110
inca wealth and power
held court in cusco center
Quipu - knots and ropes for scribes to record court hearings
Mitmaq: labor taxation
111
Inca taxes
Mitmaq: taxes
inca road systems so long that if you were messenger who paid taxes, they had lodging for you to use
112
spanish conquest
decline of inca who got disease from trade
sapa inca died before naming successor = civil war Huascar and Atahualpa
Atahualpa won and moved north, but killed by pizarro who defeated who empire
Tupac Amaru continued resistance against pizarro but everything was destroyed in the end
