anthro exam 1

Question 1

Which of the following characteristics defines the anthropological approach?

Answer 1

holistic perspective

Question 2

Which perspectives best guard against culture-bound theories?

Answer 2

a cross-cultural and evolutionary perspective

Question 3

Individuals within all four subfields of anthropology practice:

Answer 3

applied anthropology

Question 4

On-location research is also known as:

Answer 4

field work

Question 5

All of the following are approaches that linguistic anthropologists may take except

Answer 5

analyzing which languages are superior

Question 6

Archaeology is the study of

Answer 6

human material remains and environmental data

Question 7

Which areas of a culture might cultural anthropologists study? Select all that apply.

Answer 7

the medical system
the political system
the legal system
the religious system

Question 8

Participant observation is

Answer 8

a research method that involves the anthropologist both observing and participating in another culture

Question 9

All of the following are archaeological and paleoanthropological methods except:

Answer 9

doing oral life histories

Question 10

The detailed description of a particular culture

Answer 10

ethnography

Question 11

Which of the following best describes ethnology?

Answer 11

cross-cultural comparative research

Question 12

What is the most common source of error with any dating technique?

Answer 12

the archaeologist

Question 13

Above all else, anthropologists should do no harm

Answer 13

true

Question 14

mitosis

Answer 14

cell division that produces new cells having exactly the same number of chromosome pairs, and are copies of the parent cell

Question 15

meiosis

Answer 15

cell division that produces sex cells, having half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organism.

Question 16

The scientific naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus is called _____ and includes _____.

Answer 16

Systema Naturae; binomial nomenclature

Question 17

The genetic material consisting of a complex molecule whose base structure directs the synthesis of proteins

Answer 17

DNA

Question 18

The portions of DNA molecules that direct the synthesis of specific proteins

Answer 18

gene

Question 19

In the cell nucleus, the structures visible during cellular division containing long strands of DNA combined with a protein

Answer 19

chromosomes

Question 20

Alternate forms of a single gene

Answer 20

allele

Question 21

Mendelian inheritance explains some 5,000 human traits. Most genetic expressions, however, are not the result of Mendelian heredity but rather are ____.

Answer 21

polygenetic traits

Question 22

an anatomical structure shared across species due to similar functions but don’t have a common developmental sequence

Answer 22

anaology

Question 23

an anatomical structure shared by species due to a common ancestor but have different functions

Answer 23

homology

Question 24

Which statement BEST describes the phrase “survival of the fittest”?

Answer 24

It is a phrase that Herbert Spencer first used to promote social Darwinism

Question 25

refers to a chromosome pair that bears identical alleles for a single gene

Answer 25

homozygous

Question 26

refers to a chromosome pair that bears different alleles for a single gene

Answer 26

heterozygous

Question 27

The chance alteration of genetic material that produces new variation

Answer 27

Mutation

Question 28

The evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce the next generation

Answer 28

Natural selection

Question 29

The introduction of alleles from the gene pool of one population into that of another

Answer 29

Gene flow

Question 30

The chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population

Answer 30

genetic drift

Question 31

a trait influenced by two or more genes

Answer 31

polygenetic traits

Question 32

Flexible and changing behavioral patterns among nonhuman primates interest scientists because they provide clues about:

Answer 32

the earliest development of human cultural behavior

Question 33

Monkeys, apes, and humans are taxonomically grouped together as:

Answer 33

anthropods

Question 34

Which of the following represent the primate group, prosimians?

Answer 34

tarsier, loris, lemur

Question 35

Which of the following is a common mechanism used by many primates when relationships need to be maintained despite occasional conflict?

Answer 35

reconciliation

Question 36

How do primatologists define a "tool"?

Answer 36

an object used to facilitate some task or activity

Question 37

Why is ape language such a controversial area of study?

Answer 37

Ape language challenges the notion of human uniqueness

Question 38

a difference of magnitude between two things that are otherwise of the same type

Answer 38

difference of degree

Question 39

a difference of type or category

Answer 39

difference of kind

Question 40

Which kind of biological evidence is most often used to account for change in human species?

Answer 40

size and shape of skull

Question 41

The earliest human stone tool tradition was called

Answer 41

Oldowan

Question 42

What was significant about the Laetoli site in Tanzania?

Answer 42

It was the site where foot impressions of a biped were preserved from 3.6 million years ago

Question 43

Which of the following are advantages of bipedalism among humans?

Answer 43

more visual acuity over distances an ability to walk efficient and for longer distances an ability to use free hands for carrying objects and making tools

Question 44

What is the primary problem with the "man the hunter" theory of human evolution from the 1960s and 70s?

Answer 44

It diminishes or ignores the contributions that women have made to human evolution

Question 45

The development of handedness is associated most directly with

Answer 45

language abilities

Question 46

Which hypothesis argues that Homo sapiens originated through simultaneous transition throughout the inhabited world?

Answer 46

multiregional hypothesis

Question 47

The recent African origins hypothesis relies upon which kind of genetic data?

Answer 47

mitochondrial DNA

Question 48

There is a great deal of scientific controversy surrounding whether:

Answer 48

anatomically modern humans are related to Neanderthals

Question 49

The invention of food production occurred in both Mesoamerica and Southwest Asia through:

Answer 49

independent invention

Question 50

What is the clearest indicator of difference between a wild and domesticated plant?

Answer 50

size of edible parts

Question 51

Which of the following best describes typical Neolithic social structure?

Answer 51

relatively egalitarian society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles

Question 52

Which of the following is not an accurate portrayal of agricultural societies and food production?

Answer 52

they led to an overall increase in length and quality of life

Question 53

What was most significant about the oasis theory?

Answer 53

it was a scientifically testable explanation for the origins of food production

Question 54

In environments that were averse to the development of plant cultivation, societies tended to become:

Answer 54

pastoralist

Question 55

Which of these are the two main migration theories pertaining to the peopling of the Americas? Select all that apply.

Answer 55

Berin Strait Theory Coastal Migration Theory

Question 56

New archaeological evidence suggests that the Americas were first settled by whom?

Answer 56

pre-clovis culture

Question 57

The following are elements of a civilization as defined by anthropologists except:

Answer 57

refinement and progress

Question 58

The value of archaeological recovery and analysis in areas such as the Middle East contributes all of the following except:

Answer 58

it helps modern-day peoples decide which site is more important

Question 59

All of the following are common ways that archaeologists can discern the presence of social stratification except:

Answer 59

gender

Question 60

The advent of bronze metallurgy primarily created advances in:

Answer 60

warfare and farming

Question 61

All of the following are basic changes that mark the transition from Neolithic village life to the advent of urban areas except:

Answer 61

uncentralized government

Question 62

Which theory of state development argues that forceful leaders play a central role in the development of complex societies?

Answer 62

action theory

Question 63

What is the primary problem with the hydraulic theory?

Answer 63

it does not explain every cultural case

Question 64

The primary difference between hydraulic and action theories of state development is that:

Answer 64

hydraulic theory does not take into account the effects of individuals and focuses rather exclusively on environment

Question 65

Urban interdependence creates a basis for stability

Answer 65

false

Question 66

All of the following are true about race except:

Answer 66

scientists disagree on the number of biological human races that exist

Question 67

Human biological variation stems from all of the following except:

Answer 67

cultural beliefs

Question 68

The doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical features is:

Answer 68

racism

Question 69

Structural violence can best be described as:

Answer 69

physical and psychological harm caused by an exploitative, impersonal, and unjust social, political, and economic system

Question 70

Melanin has the primary function of:

Answer 70

protecting the skin against solar radiation

Question 71

All of the following are examples of cultural practices acting as an agent for biological selection except:

Answer 71

an inherited trait that affects biological fitness

Question 72

empirical science is:

Answer 72

based on sensory observations

Question 73

what are the four forces of evolution

Answer 73

mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection

Question 74

creation stories vs evolution

Answer 74

creation stories = culture evolution = science

Question 75

genes are inherited independently of one another

Answer 75

law of independent assortment

Question 76

hominin vs hominid

Answer 76

hominin = human linage hominid = human linage + apes

Question 77

which ancestor first migrated out of africa

Answer 77

homo erectus

Question 78

which ancestor first used tools

Answer 78

homo habilis

Question 79

seven areas where domestication occured

Answer 79

mesoamerica mesopotamia sub saharan africa andes south china eastern united states north china

Question 80

oasis theory

Answer 80

people started to domesticate plants and animals because they were forced to, because of climate change.

Question 81

hydraulic theory

Answer 81

civilizations rely on irrigation systems