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Anthropology > Anthropology 1001 Unit 1 > Flashcards

Anthropology 1001 Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

the study of people

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2
Q

Major goal of Anthropology

A

understand what it is to be human

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3
Q

Bicultural Approach definition

A

a perspective that anthropologists will take when they are trying to understand what it is to be human

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4
Q

Bicultural Approach involves

A

the inter-relationship between biology and behavior/culture

how our biology/genetics affect our behavior ex. how we see the environment, politics, etc.

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5
Q

Holistic

A

of or pertaining to the entire organism

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6
Q

Comparative (cross-cultural)

A

Anthropologist make comparisons in order to understand people in different places

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7
Q

warning when making comparisons

A

must be careful to avoid judging, alienating, etc.

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8
Q

Ethnocentric

A

belief int he inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture

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9
Q

Yanomami

A

proof that ethnocentricity is inherent

Group of people from the Amazon studied in the 60’s that were isolated.
In their language, they call themselves “the people” – an outsider is not considered a person (aka sub person)

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10
Q

One step from egocentric to

A

judgemental

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11
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

viewing a culture within its own historic and environmental context

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12
Q

Problems with cultural relativism

A

Difficult when you know something is harmful – poses ethical problems

ex: female genital mutation –unsterile environment, infection, etc. but females want to because of their culture

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13
Q

Anthropologists vs. Heath Care Workers

A

Anthropologists: preserving and studying culture

Health Care Workers: control outbreaks with no regard for how modern medicine shapes the culture

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14
Q

Field Work

A

time of data collection that all anthropologists do

Ex: working with informants in foreign culture, excavating a historical site, working with artifacts, etc.

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15
Q

The Four Subfields of Anthropology

A

Linguistic, Sociocultural, Archeology, Biological

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16
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

Scientific study of language

study communication, how they use and origin of language, when communication started

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17
Q

examples of Linguistic Anthropology

A

symbols (written expression of language), body language, altering language for different situations, body language communication

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18
Q

Sociocultural Anthropology

A

broader than linguistic, studies culture

different levels of culture
ex: american vs. southern vs. differences in classroom behavior

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19
Q

Culture

A

learned behavior that is passed down through generations that is distinct among groups of people.

culture is evolutionary

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20
Q

Culture can include

A

rituals/belief systems

  • kinship (ideas of marriage and family)
  • political structure (dynamics of power
  • how goods/resources are distributed
  • medical culture/practices
  • entertainment (sports, movies, literature, art)
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21
Q

ethnnology

A

study of a group, nation, or people

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22
Q

ethnography

A

graphs: written account

documentation of a tribe or group of people

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23
Q

Archeology

A

the study of material remains left behind by a culture

ex: pottery, architecture, weapons

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24
Q

Excavation

A

systematic uncovering of the past

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25
Q

Lab Analysis

A

cleaning, reconstructing, documenting (interpreting what you found)

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26
Q

After artifacts are found..

A
  1. curated into museum or environmentally secure areas
    or
  2. Displayed in museums or exhibits
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27
Q

Examples of Archeology applied

A

Old World vs New World
Prehistoric vs Historic
Academic vs Contract
cultural research analyst

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28
Q

Biological (Physical) Anthropology

A

the study of human biological evolution and human bicultural variation – includes the the study or our closest living relative, the other primates

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29
Q

3 main point of Biological Antropology

A

Human Variation, Nonhuman Primates, Human Evolution

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30
Q

Human Variation

A

One main point of Biological Anthropology

How humans are different and the evolutionary differences

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31
Q

Nonhuman Primates

A

One main point of Biological Anthropology

different types and their behavior, what they tell us about human evolution

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32
Q

Human Evolution

A

One main point of Biological Anthropology

fossil record and how different species are structurally different

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33
Q

Cultural Resource Management

A

subarea within archeology that help preserve, protect, and document culture

Ex: CRM called when property on St. Peter Cemetery lot wanted to put in a pool

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34
Q

Franz Boaz

A
  • “father of American Anthropology”
  • Set standard for how anthropology is taught today (4-fields)
  • Professor at Colombia and taught some of the first historical anthropologists
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35
Q

Ales Hrdlicka

A
  • Physical Anthropologist
  • “great organizer”
  • Created American Journal of Physical Anthropology – peer reviewed, prestigious
  • Started the American Association of Physical Anthropology – dedicated to understanding human variation from a biological perspective
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36
Q

Charles Darwin

A

very important figure for natural science

Traveled around the globe and noticed difference in species

1859: Origin of Species published by Darwin and Wallace. The idea of natural selection caused a lot of upset in general public

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37
Q

Darwin’s 4 basic ideas that influences natural science

A

Species change, Adaptive Radiation, Gradualism, Natural Selection

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38
Q

Species Change

A

One of Darwin’s basic ideas

evolution

organisms change in response to the environment

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39
Q

Adaptive Radiation (Branched Evolution)

A

One of Darwin’s basic ideas

living things descend from a common ancestor

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40
Q

Gradualism

A

One of Darwin’s basic ideas

change occur gradually (over generations)

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41
Q

Natural Selection

A

One of Darwin’s basic ideas

idea that the environment is important and can influence/impact change

“survival of the fittest”

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42
Q

2 common Ideas in the Middle Ages

A
  1. Order

2. Statis

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43
Q

order (middle ages)

A

hierarchal arrangement of the world

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44
Q

stasis (middle ages)

A

things do not change

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45
Q

Order and Stasis impacted

A

religious beliefs, how the natural world was viewed, political system

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46
Q

Great Chain of Being

A

Arrangement from lowest, most basic to the highest, most common, most spiritual

stone, flame, plant, beast, human, heaven, angel

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47
Q

Fixity of Species

A

once species were created, they did not change

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48
Q

Young Earth

A

idea that Earth was very young – Middle Ages

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49
Q

Political System of the Middle Ages

A

rigid class system and could not move from class to class

no separation of Church and State

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50
Q

Religious beliefs of the Middle Ages

A

tortured and often killed if questioned the class system

Clergy was very powerful

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51
Q

Renaissance and Enlightenment (14th - 18th Century)

A

Explosion of knowledge and arts

learning more about the human body

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52
Q

Technological Advancement in the 14th - 18th Century

A

Printing Press - easier to spread information

microscope - able to study different components of objects

telescope - see far away to study the stars and sky

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53
Q

Exploration in the 14th - 18th Century

A

Discovering new species and diversity in species, humans, and culture

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54
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

created Binomial Nomenclature

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55
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A
  • formulated a way of classifying organisms.
  • How we make sense of the world and how things are related.
  • scientific names
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56
Q

Georges Leclere Buffon

A

worked in the King’s garden and noticed how plants could respond/change based on environmental changes

first to publish something on how the environment can and does influence variation

considered “Father of Evolution”

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57
Q

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

A

first one who attempted to explain how organisms change

“Lamarckism” aka Inheritance of acquired characteristic

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58
Q

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristic

“Lamarckism”

A

characteristics that are acquired by an organism during a lifetime

how the body responds to perceived needs

falsified by epigenetic (certain genes turn on and off - important during growing). the timing can be determined by environment and passed down

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59
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

Catastrophism, interested in the fossil records (said the fossils were animals)

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60
Q

Catastrophism

A

Periodically, catastrophic events happened and all living forms are wiped out.
Once things settle down, living things in the surrounding areas would move and repopulate

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61
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Uniformitarianism - 3 components

  1. geologic processes that worked in the past are still at work (rain, wind, erosion)
  2. as a result of the processes, the land is constantly changing
  3. Earth is very old (geologic time scale)
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62
Q

Malthus

A

Demographer - studied people movement (birth and death rates, migration)

if the population outgrew its resources, that would lead to high mortality as a result of competition among individuals

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63
Q

Alfred Wallace

A

recognized for independently coming up with the idea of natural selection
In correspondence with Darwin

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64
Q

Selective breading

A

occurred before natural selection was published

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65
Q

Basic Processes of Natural Selection (5)

A
  1. Biological Variation
  2. Competition
  3. Reproduction
  4. Accumulation
  5. New Species?
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66
Q

Natural Selection:

1. Biological Variation

A

variation exists between species

67
Q

Natural Selection:

2. Competition

A

population outgrows its resources resulting in birth rates higher than death rates.
death rate increases – the individuals with advantageous traits survive

68
Q

Selective pressure

A

factors that impact reproductive success

69
Q

Natural Selection

3. Reproduction

A

individuals with advantageous traits reproduce and pass the trait to the next generation

70
Q

fitness

A

reproductive success

71
Q

Natural Selection:

4. Accumulation

A

over many generations, there is a shift in the frequency of the advantageous traits in the population
Can only assess the population level

72
Q

Natural Selection

5. New Species?

A

can (but not necessarily) develop a new species

73
Q

Example of Natural Selection: Giraffe Neck

A

giraffes born with different length necks

selective pressure –> competition –> giraffes with long necks reproduces and others die off

74
Q

Giraffe Neck Darwin vs. Giraffe Neck Lamarck

A

Darwin: variation in species, long necks out-competethe giraffes with longer necks, long neck giraffes reproduce

Lamarck: giraffe has long neck and fluid/forces in the body lengthen the neck as a response to the environment

75
Q

Example of Natural Selection: Peppered Moth

A

Gray/Black Variety

Gray camouflaged, black hunted by predators

shift – black moths became majority due to the pollution of the industrial revolution darkening the environment

once humans realized the ill-effects of pollution, shift back to gray-dominance

76
Q

Example of Natural Selection: Medium Ground Finches

A

biological variation in beak size and robusticity

Late 1970s drought killed off plants including preferred food source (seed with soft exterior).

Had to feed off of remaining plants (larger seed with harder shell)

only finches with larger beaks survive and reproduce`

77
Q

Example of Natural Selection: Antibiotic Resistance

A

prior to antibiotics, infectious diseases were the primary cause of death

Penicillin crippled many types of bacteria and dramatically decreased infection

realized some microbes were immune to it caused by natural selection of bacteria

78
Q

Gene

A

sequence of DNA that codes for some function

2 types: Structural and Responsive

79
Q

Structural Gene

A

responsible for the body structure

it does not regulate the function of other genes

80
Q

Regulatory Gene

A

regulates the function of other genes, turn them on or off

81
Q

Homeotic (Hox) genes

A

essential for growth development

82
Q

Chromosomes

A

A sequence of genes, 23 Homolgous pairs

83
Q

Autosomes

A

44, carry the genetic information in physical characteristics

84
Q

Sex Chromosome

A

2, the sex of an individual as well as the primary sexual characteristics

85
Q

Mitosis

A

division of somatic cells

identical to each other and the original cell

diploid (46 chromosomes)

constantly happening

86
Q

Meiosis

A

division that leads to the development of gametes

recombination

4 daughter cells – not identical to the each other or the parent cell

haploid (23 chromosomes)

87
Q

Recombination/ crossover

A

the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

88
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Cell Division mistake that can happen in sex chromosomes or autosomes

failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis resulting in incorrect number of chromosomes

89
Q

Monosomy

A

1 less chromosome

ex. Turner Syndrome

90
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

example of monosomy

women with only 1 X chromosome

impacts sex chromosomes

91
Q

Trimsomies

A

1 more chromosomes

ex: T21, T18, T13, XXY, XXX, XYY

92
Q

T21 - Down Syndrome

A

example of a trisomy

impacts autosomes

93
Q

T18 - Mental retardation

A

example of trisomy

impact autosomes and development

94
Q

T13 - Congenital malformation

A

example of trisomy

impacts autosomes, nervous system developmental problems

95
Q

XXY - Klinefelter Syndrome

A

example of trisomy in the sex chromosomes

Males, problems with fertility, enlarged breasts, behavior disabilities

96
Q

XXX

A

example of trisomy in the sex chromosomes

women may be taller than average, does not affect fertility

97
Q

XYY

A

example of trisomy in the sex chromosomes

males, delayed development of speech and motor skills, taller than average, fertility problems

98
Q

Law of Segregation

A

particles do not blend, instead parents contribute equal hereditary material to make offspring

99
Q

Gene

A

basic unit of heredity that codes for a protein

100
Q

Allele

A

variation of gene

101
Q

Dominant vs Recessive Traits

A

Dominant more likely to be expressed than recessive

dominant does NOT mean better, recessive does not mean worse

102
Q

Locus

A

position of a specific gene on a chromosome

103
Q

Homozygous

A

two of the same traits (either 2 dominant or 2 recessive)

104
Q

Heterozygous

A

1 dominant allele and 1 recessive

105
Q

Genotype

A

genetic information of an organism

106
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of a genotype

107
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Each trait assorts independently – alleles for one gene does not affect another

108
Q

“simple” inheritance

A

Mendelian traits, one locus, discrete

ex: hitchhiker’s thumb, hairline, earlobes, blood type

109
Q

Co-dominance

A

2 alleles expressed, ex: AB Blood type

110
Q

Polymorphic

A

Many variations of the same phenotype

111
Q

Mendelian Disorder: Dominant

A

Achondroplasia: dwarfism

Brachydactyly: short fingers

112
Q

Mendelian Disorder: Recessive

A

Sickle Cell Anemia: changes shape of blood cells

Tay-Sach: nervous system disorder

PKU: affects the way you digest enzymes

113
Q

Mendelian Disorder: Recessive Carriers

A

have the recessive gene that can be passed on to offspring but not manifested in you

114
Q

Heterozygote Expression

A

the recessive allele does have some effect on an individual but is very discrete and limited

115
Q

Sickle Cell Allele/ Malaria

A

Balanced polymorphism

Sickle Cell is a recessive mendelian disorder that blocks the flow of blood through arteries and veins – high frequency near the equator

Malaria is endemic in same region, diseased caused by parasite

homozygous for SCA - fitness decreased (recessive: Sickle Cell, dominant: more likely to get Malaria)

Heterozygous for SCA has greater fitness

116
Q

“voyages of Discovery”

A

encountering different people and trying to figure out how they came to be

117
Q

Monogenism

A

idea that all humans descended from a single original pair, observed variations were due to environment

118
Q

Polygenism

A

different populations groups descended from different pairs (multiple origins for the different population groups)

119
Q

Early Studies (18th - 19th Centuries)

A

describing variation and classifying

120
Q

Biological Determination (Mid 19th Century)

A

behavior attributes are governed by biological traits

extremely racist – just because you look a certain way, you will act a certain way

121
Q

Eugenics (Mid 19th Century)

A

one step away from Biological determination

there is a type of population that is “ideal” and everyone should be part of it ex: Hitler during WWII

122
Q

Common Usage for “race”

A
  • Species (human race)
  • cultural/ethnic identity (common background)
  • religious Identity (jewish race)
  • Physical characteristics (tend to group based on what we see)
123
Q

“Ethnicity” “Ancestry”

A

in some ways replaced the use of race
Ethnicity: cultural
Ancestry: type of geography

124
Q

“Race doesn’t exist”

A

there is no significant difference in genetics compared to the differences in physical characteristic

125
Q

Problems with “race”

A

racisms, no reliable way to distinguish groups, entire populations that cannot be categorized

126
Q

Use of Patterns in Anthropology

A

adaptive significance, forensic identification, understand and treat diseases, phenotypic variation

127
Q

Cline

A

distribution of phenotype across geographic space

ex: darker skin closer to the equator

128
Q

Human variation from the Biological Anthropologist Prospective

A

one polytypic species, phenotypic variation exists (geographically patterned), cultural affiliation (biological effects)

129
Q

4 levels of response to environmental stress

A
  1. Cultural (behavioral)
  2. Acclimatization
  3. Developmental Response
  4. Genetic Response
130
Q

Responses to Environmental Stress:

1. Cultural (behavioral)

A

modify behavior to deal with the extremes

ex: clothing based on temperature, people who work in heat take a break

131
Q

Responses to Environmental Stress:

2. Acclimatization

A

short-term response on the individual level to environmental stimuli - not permanent

ex. sunburn or tan when overexposed to UV Radiation

132
Q

Responses to Environmental Stress:

3. Developmental Response

A

response to stress that occurs during a period of growth and development

occurs at the individual level but is observed in the population

ex: increased lung capacity and heart size in individuals born in higher altitudes

133
Q

Responses to Environmental Stress:

4. Genetic Response

A

“adaptation” evident in populations

results from many generations of natural selection ex. skin color

134
Q

Purpose of Responses to Environmental Stress

A

maintain homeostasis (internal equilibrium)

135
Q

Indirect studying of Human Variation

A

live amongst a group of people and see how they respond to the different pressures in their environment

136
Q

Direct studying of Human Variation

A

researchers subject people to certain extremes and see how they react and identify patterns

137
Q

“Vitamin D Hypothesis”

A

they body’s ned for Vitamin D provided a selective pressure for lighter skin in northern latitudes

138
Q

Solar Radiation/Skin Color:

More UV toward equator

A

selective pressure for more melanin production as protection from solar radiation

only the individuals skin survived and reproduced

139
Q

Solar Radiation/Skin Color:

Migration toward the poles

A

body needs a little UV to produce Vitamin D needed for bone strength and development

high melanin, low vitamin D resulting in lower fitness due to bowed legs and pelvis deformation

people with less pigmentation were able to produce vitamin D better and able to survive and reproduce

140
Q

As a species, human are better able to deal with (hot or cold)

A

Hot

141
Q

Body responses to Heat

A

sweating and Vasodilation

142
Q

Sweating

A

when sweat evaporates, it cools the skin

can be dangerous because the body loses water and nutrients

143
Q

Vasodilation

A

capillaries at the skin’s surface dilate enabling blood to flow away from the core and to the surface of the skin to cool down the body

144
Q

Body responses to cold

A

shivering and vasoconstriction

145
Q

Shivering

A

creates heat and energy in muscles to increase body temperature

burns energy so the body must take in more nutrients

146
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

capillaries constrict and reduce blood flow to extremities to keep blood toward core and vital organs at regular temperature

leads to frostbite – tissue dies

147
Q

BMR in populations that have lived in the cold for many generations

A

Basil Metabolic Rate higher than people living in warmer climates to continually generate heat

148
Q

Ecogeographic Patterning

A

refers to patterns in body size and limb length in various species

149
Q

Bergmann’s Rule

A

Within a species, body size increases as distance from the equator increases

less surface area, less heat loss

150
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

Limb length decreases as distance from the equator increases

less surface area, less heat loss

151
Q

Balanced Polymorphism (heterozygote Advantage)

A

the maintenance of two or more allele in a population due to the selected advantage of the heterozygote

152
Q

Polygenic traits

A

wide range of variation in how they are expressed

more than 1 locus, continuous expression

ex. skin color: the more melanin you produce, the darker the skin. Multiple loci contribute, codominant alleles
ex. hair color

153
Q

Environmental Influence on polygenic traits

A

the environment has more of an impact on polygenic traits than mendelian

154
Q

Pleiotropy

A

one gene that impacts many traits

155
Q

Evolution

A

changes in allele frequency

production and distribution of genetic variation combined with natural selection will lead to different reproductive success

156
Q

Microevolution

A

small scale adaptive changes within a population

Found on the species level, happen within 3/4 generations

157
Q

Macroevolution

A

large scale adaptive changes that are recognized as having occurred in the species level or above it

158
Q

Deme (population)

A

a community of individuals from which mates are selected

demes share a gene pool (the total genetic information in the population)

159
Q

Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium

A

predicts allele distribution for a particular trait in a population under ideal conditions

160
Q

Influences on Allele Frequency:

Mutation

A

a change in the DNA sequence

cane naturally or unnaturally occurring

only way to get complete new variation

161
Q

Influences on Allele Frequency:

Gene Flow

A

the interaction of genes

there needs to be interbreeding to have gene flow

162
Q

Influences on Allele Frequency:

Genetic Drift

A

Changes in allele frequencies caused by random events

ex: bottleneck effect, flounder effect

163
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Example of genetic drift

a large genetically diverse population that is suddenly drastically reduced. When the population rebounds, the descendent population will have decreased genetic diversity

164
Q

Flounder Effect

A

Example of Genetic Drift

a small number of individuals separate themselves out from a larger population and start a new colony. All of the future generation will be descendants of this new colony

Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome

Anthropology (1 decks)

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