Anthropology 101 Final

Question 1

Paleoanthropology

Answer 1

The study of fossils in humans

Question 2

Falsifiability

Answer 2

__is the capacity for some proposition, statement, theory or hypothesis to be proven wrong.

Question 3

Immutability of species

Answer 3

__The idea that each individual species on the planet was specially created by God and could never fundamentally change

Question 4

Lamarck

Answer 4

__Lamarck is best known for his Theory of Inheritance : Traits are acquired and passed on.

Question 5

Natural Selection

Answer 5

__the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Question 6

Stereoscopic vision

Answer 6

Eyes on the front of our heads.

Question 7

Genetics

Answer 7

—The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

Question 8

Heredity

Answer 8

__the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.

Question 9

Hallux

Answer 9

__a person’s big toe. Opposable hallux.

Question 10

Jane Goodall

Answer 10

__is a primatologist most known for her long-term study of wild chimpanzees in Tanzania.

Question 11

Radiocarbon dating (types of material)

Answer 11

—Carbon dating. Reveals the ages of the some of Earth’s oldest inhabitants.

Question 12

Direct physical evidence of human ancestors

Answer 12

__obtained only through the fossil record.

Question 13

Hominins

Answer 13

A member of the primate family Hominidae, distinguished by bipedal posture and, in more recently evolved species, a large brain

Question 14

Sickle Cell + Malaria

Answer 14

2 copies of the same gene are bad, 1 copy of each, you wouldn’t contract malaria

Question 15

Crossing Over

Answer 15

The combining of chromosomes during meiosis to create unique genes between mother and father.

Question 16

Hominin

Answer 16

Broad shoulder apes, modern day humans, H erectis, H. Herabis

Question 17

Dental arcade

Answer 17

The parabolic arc for modern humans, primitive humans had “U” shaped.

Question 18

Radiocarbon dating

Answer 18

Dates stuff with Carbon it to find it’s age. C14=Carbon14

Question 19

Vertebral column in biped

Answer 19

Houses spinal cord. “S” shaped curve.

Question 20

Pelvis in biped

Answer 20

Shorter broader pelvis that accommodates us being on 2 legs.

Question 21

Tooth enamel

Answer 21

Modern day humans have thicker enamel, chimpanzees have a thinner layer.

Question 22

Quarrying sites

Answer 22

Where stoned tools were held.

Question 23

Sagittal keel

Answer 23

Small mohawk of bone running lengthwise down the center of the cranium on the parietal bones for the attachment of the temporals muscles.

Question 24

archaic homo sapiens

Answer 24

Had more of a ridge , orbital sockets big

Question 25

Taurodontism

Answer 25

Pulp cavity, single prong tooth that goes beneath the gum line.

Question 26

Australia’s first humans

Answer 26

the first humans to colonise Australia over 50,000 years ago -Aboriginal Australians

Question 27

Encephalization quotient

Answer 27

The ratio of the actual brain size of a species to its expected brain size based on a statistical regression of brain-to-body size based on a large number of species.

Question 28

Anthropoid olfactory bulbs

Answer 28

is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell. .

Question 29

Neandertal face

Answer 29

the neanderthal head is much longer, with a more pronounced facial front. The Neanderthal chin and forehead sloped backwards and the nose region protruded forward more than in modern humans

Question 30

H erectus incisors

Answer 30

Shovel shaped teeth in the back of the mouth.

Question 31

Australopithecines

Answer 31

any of various extinct hominids (genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus) that existed two to four million years ago in southern and eastern Africa and include gracile and robust forms exhibiting bipedal locomotion, near-human dentition, and relatively small brains.

Question 32

genus Homo

Answer 32

Homo is the genus that includes modern humans and their close extinct relatives, such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Members of Homo are distinguished from other hominids by an erect posture, a large cranium, two-footed gait, fully opposable thumbs, and well-developed tool-making ability.

Question 33

paranthropus or robust australopithecines

Answer 33

The Physical characteristics of paranthropus or robust australopithecines is as follows: Their ribs were shaped like a cone, and their legs had human like features that indicated upright walking. They had long arms, and their pelvis was built for bipedal walking. Their brains were small, They had flat foreheads heads, a broad face, flaring cheek bones, a huge lower jaw, and large back teeth. Their environment consisted of open plains that contained plant foods. The lived in a social grouping consisting of a dominant male and multiple females. They were mostly vegetarians that ate seeds, nuts, hard fruits, and roots

Question 34

Femur in biped

Answer 34

Femur angles in for standing support.

Question 35

Teeth in homo vs australopithecines

Answer 35

Modern day have small canines and incisors, australopithecines canines were larger in the front , smaller in the back.

Question 36

Adolescent growth spurt

Answer 36

The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual’s height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgen

Question 37

Secular trend in growth

Answer 37

The secular trend in development is the fact that puberty is starting earlier for boys and girls now than it did a hundred years ago.

Question 38

Most common human teratogen

Answer 38

The most common malformations include craniofacial dysmorphisms, cleft palate, thymic aplasia, and neural tube defects. The tranquilizer thalidomide is one of the most famous and notorious teratogens.

Question 39

First Homo erectus fossil found in what country

Answer 39

At the beginning of its time range, around 1.9 Mya, H. erectus coexisted in East Africa with several other early human species including Homo rudolfensis,

Question 40

H erectus geography

Answer 40

First species to leave Africa and colonize Euro/Asia

Question 41

Multi-regional vs replacement model

Answer 41

Multiregional theory: homo erectus left Africa 2 mya to become homo sapiens in different parts of the world. The Multiregional Continuity Model15 contends that after Homo erectus left Africa and dispersed into other portions of the Old World, regional populations slowly evolved into modern humans.

Question 42

Human brain vs closest relatives

Answer 42

Large, complex brains can process and store a lot of information. That was a big advantage to early humans in their social interactions and encounters with unfamiliar habitats.

Over the course of human evolution, brain size tripled. The modern human brain is the largest and most complex of any living primate.

Humans are primates, Bonobos and chimpanzees are our closest living relatives.

Question 43

Modern human vs neandertal brain size

Answer 43

Many people are under the misconception that Homo neanderthal had a smaller brain than modern humans since they were not as evolved. But their brains were just as large as ours and often larger, proportional to their brawnier bodies. Homo neanderthal brain size was larger than the average modern human brain and averaged 1500 cubic centimetres and an average 3.3 lbs. This is to be expected, as Neanderthals were generally heavier and more muscular than modern humans. People that live in cold climates also tend to have larger brains than those living in warm climates.

Question 44

Human brain and language

Answer 44

The human brain is divided into two hemispheres. The left hemisphere is the “logical brain” and is involved in language and analysis and the right hemisphere is the “creative brain,” involved in daydreaming and imagination.

Question 45

Modern human throat anatomy

Answer 45

The hyoid bone, which is the only bone in the body not connected to any other, is the foundation of speech and is found only in humans and Neanderthals.

Other animals have versions of the hyoid, but only the human variety is in the right position to work in unison with the larynx and tongue and make us the chatterboxes of the animal world.

Question 46

Environment and growth and development

Answer 46

Over the past 100 years, the study of environmental influences on human physical growth and development has focused on the influences of social and economic factors; family and household characteristics; urbanization/modernization; nutrition; and features of the physical environment such as altitude, temperature and climate.

Question 47

Agriculture and infectious disease

Answer 47

Changes in the natural environment and agricultural systems induced by economic and industrial development, including population dynamics (growth, urbanization, migration), are major causes resulting in the persistence, emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases in developing countries.

Question 48

Early hominins and obtaining meat

Answer 48

Acquired meat by 1. eating stuff already dead 2. confrontational scavenging 3. passive scavenging.

Question 49

Direct physical evidence of human ancestors

Answer 49

is obtainable only through the fossil record.

Question 50

Forensic anthropology: What part of the body is best for determining age at death and sex of an adult.

Answer 50

Pelvis & Skull.

Females have wider pelvis for birth
Females brows are smoother

Males brows are more ridged
Males have a larger mastade process at base of skull

Question 51

Taphonomy

Answer 51

Taphonomy is the study of what happens to organic remains from the time of death until discovery

Question 52

Taxanomy

Answer 52

The classification of organisms.

Question 53

Factors influencing blood

Answer 53

ABO System, A, B, AB, O, effected and determined by the types of bacteria that are presented.

Question 54

Relative limb length

Answer 54

We don’t have super long legs, shorter arms, longer legs.

Question 55

Early Stone Age

Answer 55

Oldowan