Anthropology Exam 3

Question 1

Cultural Ecology and its criticisms

Answer 1

Steward and White, adaptation to the physical environment is central to cultural developments in a society, material factors determine a society’s level of sociocultural integration.

tendency to apply natural science vocabulary to human society.

Question 2

egalitarian society

Answer 2

have few personal possessions

Question 3

foraging

Answer 3

gather foods that naturally occur in the environment, very mobile, low population density, no strict division of labor, good nutritional status

Question 4

horticulture

Answer 4

low-intensity agriculture, depend on plants, low population density, slash and burn, some property

Question 5

pastoralism

Answer 5

rely on domesticated herds of animals, mobile, larger populations, wealth differences through animals, good nutrition

Question 6

agriculture

Answer 6

intense use of the land, advanced technology, sedentary lifestyle, rise of property, accumulate material goods, poor diet

Question 7

peasantry

Answer 7

special case of agriculturalists, partly integrated into the world economy, pay rent for land, rely on selling and buying in the market.

Question 8

industrialism

Answer 8

goods produced through mass production, service jobs and manufacturing jobs outnumber agriculture jobs, wage labor, specialization of labor, massive populations

Question 9

post-industrialism

Answer 9

some groups and nations are moving into an age where manufacturing jobs are decreasing and being replaced by information-technology jobs

Question 10

Geertz and religion

Answer 10

moral dilemmas, system of symbols, interpret reality, shape behavior

Question 11

Durkheim and religion

Answer 11

studying non-literate people, reinforce norms and values, promotes solidarity

Question 12

sports and ritual

Answer 12

people turn to ritual for sports because they think it will make them play better

Question 13

definition of ritual, and examples

Answer 13

a patterned repetitive behavior, examples are prayers, religious services, something you do before every game you play

Question 14

myths

Answer 14

don’t necessarily belong in the past

Question 15

symbols

Answer 15

they mean different things in different religions

Question 16

oral religion

Answer 16

locally defined, embedded in social practices of society, flexible practices

Question 17

written religion

Answer 17

linked to a sacred text or collection of texts, religions of conversion

Question 18

Malinowski’s lagoon fishing vs sea fishing / anxiety and ritual

Answer 18

high danger = high ritual

Question 19

Kaiko festival of the Tsembaga

Answer 19

involves pig sacrifice

Question 20

Manchester school researchers

Answer 20

studied copper industry in northern Rhodesia, mining town barracks for workers not families - didn’t happen

Question 21

urbanization

Answer 21

visible aspect of sociocultural change since the second world war

Question 22

modernity

Answer 22

difficult to define, may be defined in multiple ways at the same time, and is constant and unrelenting

Question 23

hybridity

Answer 23

conscious blending of two or more culture, societies

Question 24

syncretism

Answer 24

taking two different views and making them work with one another

Question 25

diffusion

Answer 25

look at how trends move throughout cultures

Question 26

relative deprivation

Answer 26

people are deprived and think they deserve what others have

Question 27

modernity and the body

Answer 27

medical anthropology is the cultural knowledge and practices

Question 28

trobriand cricket

Answer 28

an example of two different cultures coming together

Question 29

Guinea Pigs in Ecuador

Answer 29

wanted people to change the way they were breeding guinea pigs to stop some diseases, used to let them wlak freely - new people said to put them in cages and feed them regularly, people refused because they saw the guinea pigs as pets and respected them