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Anthropology > Anthropology Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Anthropology Midterm 2 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Goals of Archeology

A

Archaeologists employ
scientific methods to label and persevere artifacts for future study

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2
Q

Steps in the Archeological process

A

-Purpose for the dig
-look at historical documents
-Survey the site
-map by creating a site plan
-Dig for artifacts
-Analyze and sort artifacts
-Preserve the artifacts for later study

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3
Q

Types of surveys (Pedestrian Survey)

A

archaeologists walk
over area, select sites based on previous
research, ask local people for information

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4
Q

Types of surveys (Ground Truthing)

A

test pits (3x3x3ft) are
dug at random or systematic intervals

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5
Q

Earthworks(Aerial Reconnaissance)

A

mounds or lines

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6
Q

Soil marks(Aerial Reconnaissance)

A

discolorations

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7
Q

Crop marks(Aerial Reconnaissance)

A

remnants of features, e.g.,
walls or roads

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8
Q

Archaeological Record

A

Goal is to understand how
humans lived and survived in the
past.

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9
Q

Processual Archaeology

A

Views culture as another natural system.The perspective that they believe they can understand past cultural systems through the remains they left behind.

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10
Q

Post-Processual Archaeology

A

Emphasize human agency and
the power of ideas and values
when studying past cultures

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11
Q

Feminist Archaeology

A

Recognizes that traditional approaches have
often ignored the presence of women.
What roles are traditionally ascribed to women
in modern populations?

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12
Q

Gender Archaeology

A

Questions about the binary male–female
distinction
Western heteronormative beliefs do not apply
to the entirety of the human species

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13
Q

Ethical considerations

A

Potential repercussions of study
(environmental, political, local,
etc.)

Obligation to share their
findings in an appropriate
mano

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14
Q

Cosmopolitan approach

A

Being able to move
comfortably between cultural settings.

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15
Q

Domestication

A

Humans began to intervene in the
reproduction of other species to fulfil
their needs (domestication)

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16
Q

When did domestication start to happen

A

Holocene epoch 12k years ago

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17
Q

Cultivation

A

as activities of
preparing fields, sowing,
weeding, harvesting, and
storing products

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18
Q

Hunter-gatherers

A

Hunter-gatherers access
more variety of food stuffs
and are less affected by
malnutrition

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19
Q

The general timeline of subsistence styles

A

Human subsistence shifted from
large mammals to a broad
spectrum of foods
-Wild grains
-Hunting smaller animals
-Which led to domestication

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20
Q

Theories for why subsistence changed(Ice age mammals)

A

The Large Ice Age mammals
died out, and
smaller mammals became
more prevalent.

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21
Q

Niche construction

A

-Buffers against selection for
morphological changes

-Absent: grow fur in colder climate
(alteration in phenotype)

-Present: humans build shelters and make
clothing to protect themselves from cold

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22
Q

Stages of animal domestication

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Random hunting: no attempt at human control
  2. Controlled hunting: targeting certain
    age/sex/physicality
  3. Herd following: movement with an animal group
  4. Loose herding: control a herd’s movements,
    often seasonally; selective breeding/culling
  5. Close herding: animal mobility is limited, and
    breeding is controlled
  6. Factory farming: complete control of animals’
    lives
23
Q

Evidence of animal domestication

Study These Flashcards
A

Presence of animal species
outside its natural range
* Morphological changes
* Abrupt increase in population
relative to other species
* Age and sex of animals, especially
more males is evidence they were
killed for meat

24
Q

Social effects of domestication

Study These Flashcards
A

Sedentism: increasingly permanent human
habitations
* Land no longer free, territories owned
* Graves, housing, fields and herds connected
people to specific places
* Human footprint on the environment
* Nutritional deficiencies
* Altered physiology
* Spread of disease
* Attraction of pests
* More physical labour
* Emergence hierarchical societies

25
Wild vs. domesticated wheat
Wild wheat has a tough glume around it-domesticated wheat has a slow glume around it
26
Social stratification
Prestige: honour or respect within societies Wealth: economic resources; land, tools, money and goods Power: enforce individuals to do certain behaviors
27
Egalitarian vs Trans egalitarian
Egalitarian (when everyone's position or status is the same) “trans egalitarian” Class societies transitioning to a hierarchy
28
Sedentism and its effects
: Domestication + Sedentism = more leisure time and ability to increase social/technological complexity
29
Band
Less than 100 individuals * Typically, related kin groups are egalitarian(very little difference in status and wealth between people )
30
Tribes
Small populations, mostly independent * Sometimes interact with groups linked through customs or kinship(food producers)
31
Chiefdom
More political structure Chiefs highly respected authorities, responsible for various leadership tasks * Privileged access to wealth, power and prestige
32
States
Regional settlement patterns often show at least three levels in hierarchy of social complexity * Laws and taxes enforced by an
33
Evidence/traits of complex societies
Greater stratification within now larger populations * Surplus in resources * Occupational specialization with new or luxury goods * Trade increasing with external individuals
34
Power facts
Items usually found in graves which show that the person had a high position in life and were fit to rule
35
institutions
Three institutions have developed independently in many different societies -Trade: the exchange of goods -Money a medium of exchange that assigns values to goods Market the supply– demand price mechanism for regulating exchange
36
Phases of economic activity
Economic activity: Production, Distribution and consumption.
37
Feudalism
resources distributed according to social status or rank.
38
Capitalism
resources distributed in a “free” market where price is dependent upon supply and demand.
39
Patterns of reciprocity
1. General reciprocity: exchange without stating the time or value of the return 2. Balanced reciprocity: when the exchange is something of equal value 3. Negative reciprocity: when one party tries to get something while offering something of less value
40
Consumption patterns & theories
1. Internal explanation: -Malinowski and Basic Human Needs 2. External explanations (cultural ecology) -cultural ecologists explain patterns of consumption based on available resources 3 Cultural explanations of consumption -people are actively constructing their niches using cultural inventions and not only using what available to them.
41
Affluence
having more then what is required to satisfy consumption needs – achieved by: foraging too much
42
Power vs social power
-Power can be understood as the ability to transform a given situation. Organizational power, whereby individuals or social units limit the actions of others * Authoritative
43
Status
social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in society
44
Agency
Free agents make decisions for personal gain, not based on: * Collective beliefs * Greater good * Historical obligation
45
Ideology
A world view that justifies social arrangements and legitimates power
46
Domination
Expensive to continue * Unstable * Requires constant maintenance
47
Hegemony( Divine right of kings)
* Sustained through institutions or traditions * Rulers and subjects linked * Maintains the ruler’s position of privilege
48
Coercion
Power is seen as coercion the ability it make others do what you want
49
Nation-state
Nation-state: viewed as an ideal political unit (single government) in which national identity and political territory coincided
50
nation
groups of people believed to share the same history, beliefs, language, and even the same physical substance.
51
Nationality
a sense of identification with loyalty to the nation-state
52
Citizenship
Legal citizenship: accorded by state laws and may be difficult for migrants to obtain Substantive citizenship: defined by actions people take, regardless of legal status, to assert membership and bring about political changes
53
globalization
Movements and mixing of peoples

Anthropology (2 decks)

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