Anthropology Unit Test Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Acculturation
A
the meeting of two or more cultural groups and the resulting cultural changes to each
2
Q
Bilineal
A
a kinship system in which people trace their ancestry through both their mothers and fathers
3
Q
Bipedalism
A
walking on 2 legs
4
Q
Bridewealth
A
The groom or the groom’s family must pay a father to marry their daughter
5
Q
Cultural relativism
A
not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal
6
Q
Culture
A
the total system of ideas, values, behaviours, and attitudes of a society commonly shared by most members of society
7
Q
Dowry
A
money or property provided by a women’s family in order to find her a husband.
8
Q
Egalitarian
A
families with equal power
9
Q
Emic perspective
A
the P.O.V. of an insider of a culture
10
Q
Enculturation
A
the process of absorbing one’s own culture
11
Q
Endogamy
A
preference of marriage within the group. Marrying within one’s family’s social or ethnic group
12
Q
Ethnocentric
A
believing that one’s own culture is superior to all others
13
Q
Ethnography
A
the written account of a culture
14
Q
Ethnology
A
the study of the origins and cultures of different races and peoples
15
Q
Etic perspective
A
the P.O.V. of an outsider to a culture
16
Q
Folkways
A
stem from customs - conventional ways of doing things such as rules of etiquette
17
Q
Fossil
A
preserved remains of biological matter
18
Q
Hominin
A
a human or human ancestor
19
Q
Idiom
A
A group of words whose meaning should not be taken in a literal sense.
20
Q
Informant
A
a reliable and knowledgeable person who provides specific information to an anthropologist studying his or her community
21
Q
Jargon
A
the specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group or culture
22
Q
Kinship
A
the relationship between 2 or more people that is based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
23
Q
Linguistics
A
the anthropological subfield that focuses on language and its importance to understanding human history, culture and biology.
24
Q
Material culture
A
centers upon objects, their properties, and the materials that they are made of, and the ways in which these material facets are central to an understanding of culture and social relations
25
Matriarchal
women granted more authority
26
Matrilineal
a kinship system in which people trace their ancestry through their mothers
27
Matrilocal
newly married couple moves in with wife’s family.
28
Monogamy
relationships where an individual has one partner. Serial monogamy refers to monogamous relationships that occur one after the other.
29
Mores
serious rules of conduct identified with group welfare or survival
30
Multiculturalism
the state of a society or the world in which there exists numerous distinct ethnic and cultural groups seen to be politically relevant
31
Objective
a comprehensive and comparative study of humanity in both its biological and cultural aspects
32
Participant Observation
A method of research in anthropology which involves extended immersion in a culture and participation in its day-to-day activities
33
Patriarchy
the oldest male, family head has control
34
Patrilineal
lineage or family relationships traced through the male side of the family.
35
Patrilocal
newly married couple moves in with husband’s family.
36
Perception
the process of how an individual takes in information visually and with the other senses
37
Polyandry
multiple husbands. A form of marriage between one wife and multiple husbands
38
Polygamy
Having one or more spouses at a time. A form of marriage that involves multiple partners.
39
Polygyny
multiple wives. A form of marriage between one husband and multiple wives.
40
Semi-structured-Interviews
have an outline of what types of information are wanted, but not a strict list of questions
41
Slang
informal language used in place of standard terms, often specific to a particular group; not appropriate in formal contexts.
42
Social Customs
expected and ideal behaviours of a society
43
Social science
the study of human society and cultures through a comparative lens
44
Society
45
Sociolinguistics
the study of language in culture and society, within the field of linguistics
46
Structured Interviews
47
Subjective
type of conclusions shaped by a person’s cultural and personal perspective, feelings, and beliefs
48
Symbolic Ethnicity
ethnic identity based on an emotional connection to a real or imagined past rather than daily experience
49
Taboo
behavioural practices that are forbidden to members of a society
50
Unstructured Interview
between an interviewer and an informant. An outline is given to the interviewee but the interview is very open
51
Birute Galdikas
Set up camp in Borneo, Indonesia to study wild orangutans
52
Bronislaw Maslinowski
Considered to be the founder of social anthropology.
Studied social institutions and formed his “functional theory”
53
Charles Darwin
Theory of natural selection
-Origin of species system
-species have to evolve or they will face extinction
-only species that are able to evolve and adapt survive
-species pass on survival characteristics
-allows for successful growth and development also a balance in food supply
-if there is an imbalance, new stages of adaptation can begin
54
Dian Fossey
55
Gregor Mendel & Carolous Linnaeus
-studied the idea of plant breeding
-inherit characteristics from parents but still have unique DNA
-characterics can be passed down or altered
-building on those traits we evolve from primitive humanoids to a more detailed species
-help provide a theoretical background to support theory of evolution
-developed a species classification process
-he put humans in homo sapiens
-suggested that man are not from apes but have a relation
56
Jane Goodall
in 1960 Jane started the study of chimpanzees in the wild
showing the world how similar chimps are to humans in their actions and behaviors helping prove the evolutionary relationship between the 2
57
Louis Leakey & the Leakey Family
58
Margaret Mead
-Studied gender roles and adolescence
-Compared Samoan and American culture
-Samoan teens are seen as adults once they hit puberty, whereas American teens are seen as adults in their early twenties
59
Raymond Dart
Discovered a 2 million year old fossil of a child in south Africa
60
What do the social sciences study?
individual and collective human behaviour and needs as well as patterns and trends in society. Courses in this area shed light on a variety of social structures, institutions, relationships, and power dynamics
61
What do anthropologists study?
Anthropology, the scientific study of humans, including their origins; behaviour; and physical, social and cultural development
62
What are the two different divisions in anthropology and what do they study?
Physical Anthropology - Primatology, Biological and Forensic Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology - Archaeology, Sociocultural, Applied, and Linguistic Anthropology
63
What are the different fields in anthropology? What do they study?
Archaeology - study the physical remains of a past culture through excavation and reconstruction
Applied Anthropology - uses research results to solve practical problems for people in different cultures
Linguistics - study the history and structure of language, and the ways humans use language.
Ethnology and Ethnography - they immerse themselves in a culture for months or years and take meticulous notes
64
What can human language convey?
It can convey feeling and emotion, as well as express thoughts in sentences comprising subjects, verbs and objects
65
Is human language learned or inherited?
Human language is learned, you are not born knowing how to say words right away meaning it's not inherited because genetics have nothing to do with language. You learn how to speak by the people around you, ex: if your parents speak english in your house you're going to learn to speak english from them.
66
What are different methods of communication?
Texting, facial expressions, talking, body language, and gestures
67
How did humans evolve?
new genetic variations in early ancestor populations favored new abilities to adapt to environmental change and so altered the human way of life
68
What is the “Theory of Evolution”?
the process by which species adapt over time in response to their changing environment
69
What is “natural selection” and “survival of the fittest”?
Natural selection - species are forced to evolve or face extinction. Species that were able to evolve/adapt survived.
Survival of the fittest - over centuries of adaptation, species passed on these survival characteristics
70
What are the components of culture?
Symbols, signals, norms, values, objects, beliefs, and subcultures
71
What are the characteristics of culture?
It is learned, shared, defines nature, shapes how we perceive and understand the world
72
How does culture change?
New and different ideas, fads, people, objects continually entering our lives results in a culture that is constantly changing
73
What are some different types of marriage? Are some more successful than others?
Arranged marriage, polygamy, and bridewealth. Depending on the culture and what your beliefs are, different marriages are more successful than others. Also it really depends on the people in the marriage.
74
How are humans the same and how are humans different from primates?
We are the same because we have large brains, hands for grabbing objects, and we are genetically similar
We are different because of how we look, how we communicate. We also walk on two legs called bipedalism. They walk on fours.
75
What are different types of Rites of Passage?
religious ceremonies, marriage, eldership, and death
76
What is the 3 stage process in the rites of passage theory?
Separation - separated from the rest of society and from his or her original status
Transition - Last for a few hours, days, months, or years. In this stage, the person going through the rite of passage is becoming his or her new self and learning the new role (rumspringa portion)
Reintegration - The individual is reintegrated into regular society in his or her new role
77
What are the 3 different types of interviews that anthropologists use?
Structured, semi-structured, and unstructured
78
What Ethical Issues are anthropologists concerned about?
Anthropologists are concerned about being offensive or being invasive. They need to be open minded and they can have no personal opinion, they also need to make sure they have consent and are not making anyone feel uncomfortable.
79
What moral dilemmas and concerns do primatologists have? Should primates be used in research? Why or why not?
Research can often create a moral dilemma for anthropologists. Since morality varies from one culture to another, full participation in a culture almost always involves some form of moral compromise. Primates should not be allowed to be used in research because in the lab they will not have the proper living conditions as well as diseases are easily spread putting them at risk.
80
Naive realism
generally believe that all people define the real world of objects, events and cultures the same way as they do. The belief that everyone else defines the world in the same way you do
81
Cultural Relativism
not judging based on own beliefs and standards
82
Functional Theory
the idea that every belief, action, or relationship in a culture functions to meet the individuals
83
Cultural Materialism
Materials or conditions within the environment influence how a culture develops, creating the ideas and ideology of a culture
84
Feminist Anthropology
looks to ensure all voices are heard. examines how many cultures are dominated by men, women, or is egalitarian
85
Postmodernism
to the belief that it is impossible to have only true knowledge about the world. what we know about the world is our own construction, created by society.
