Anti-androgens Flashcards
(19 cards)
What does the TNM staging system give information about?
tumour
whether the cancer has spread to any lymph nodes
whether the cancer has spread to another part of the body
Define T1 in prostate cancer
Tumour contained within the prostate, too small to be felt by digital rectal examination (DRE) or seen on a scan
Define T2 in prostate cancer
Tumour still contained in the prostate but can be felt by DRE or seen on a scan
Divided in to:
- T2a - tumour is only in half of 1 of the 2 lobes of the prostate
- T2b - it is in more than half of 1 lobe
- T2c - it is in both sides
Define T3 in prostate cancer
Tumour has spread through the capsule surrounding the prostate and may be in nearby tissues
T3a - spread through the capsule
T3b - spread to the seminal vesicles that produce fluid or semen
Define T4 in prostate cancer
Spread into areas close by such as the bladder, rectum or the muscle that controls urination
What are T3 and T4 descrived as?
Locally advanced prostate cancer
Define advanced or metastatic prostate cancer
Cancer that has spread to another area
Define N0
no cancer in the lymph nodes near the prostate
Define N1 in prostate cancer
Means there is cancer in 1 or more lymph nodes close by
Define M0 in prostate cancer
Means the cancer has not spread to another part of the body
Define M1 in prostate cancer
Means the cancer has spread to another part of the body (so advanced prostate cancer
Define stage 1 prostate cancer
Tumour contained in the prostate
Define stage 2 prostate cancer
Tumour is bigger but still contained in the prostate
Define stage 3 prostate cancer
Tumour has started to break out of the outer capsule and may be in the seminal vesicles
Define stage 4 prostate cancer
Tumour has spread outside the prostate - maybe local, such as bladder, but may be further, e.g. bones
Define PSA
Prostate-specific antigen
Can be measured via a blood test
An enlarged, inflamed or infected prostate can cause elevated PSA
Name the primary male sex hormone
Testosterone
Key for development of testicles and prostate
Name the options for prostate cancer treatment
Watchful waiting - slow growing tumours in frail men
Active surveillance - small tumours confined to prostate
Surgery - frequently used but major side-effects
Hormone therapy - hormone-dependent tumours
Chemotherapy - hormone-independent or relapsed cancer
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) - de-bulking
External beam radiotherapy - small tumours confined to prostate
Permanent seed brachytherapy - tumours confined to prostate
What are the side effects of surgery?
Risk of infection
Pain
Erectile dysfunction
Incontinence
