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Anti-Infectives Flashcards

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1
Q

Action of Penicillin

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis causing bacteria to die (bacteriostatic or bactericidal)

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2
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of Penicillin

A

N/V, diarrhea, allergic Rxn, Oral/ vaginal candidiasis, generalized rash, anaphylaxis

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3
Q

Contraindications of Penicillin

A

PCN allergies and cephalosporin allergies

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4
Q

Uses of Penicillin

A

Gonorrhea, UTI, Perionitis, Pneumonia and other respiratory infections, septicemia, meningitis

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5
Q

Patient education/ nursing interventions for Penicillin

A

Take w/ 8 oz H2O
Take on an empty stomach for best absorption
Take full course of meds
Take as prescribed

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6
Q

Uses of Cephalosporins

A

Broad spectrum

Treats gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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7
Q

action of cephalosporins

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis- same as PCN

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8
Q

Interactions/ contraindications of cephalosporins

A
  • contraindicated in persons with PCN allergies
  • renal impairment
  • NSAIDS, thrombolytics, anticoagulants & anti-platelet drugs
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9
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of cephalosporins

A

Allergic rxn, anorexia, hypersensitivity
GI pain/ disturbances
Increased bleeding
Nephrotoxicity

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10
Q

Nursing implications and patient education for persons taking cephalosporins

A 
Do not drink alcohol 
Take on an empty stomach 
Review allergies
Check BUN/ creatine 
Caution with patients with GI bleeding/ disease & renal impairment
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11
Q

1st generation cephalosporins

A

Cephalexin

Used against gram positive and some gram negative bacteria

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12
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins

A

Cefuroxime (Ceftin)

Same as first generation but broader spectrum against gram negative

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13
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins

A

Has additional effectiveness against other gram negatives

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14
Q

4th generation cephalosporins

A

Highly resistant to most beta-lactamase bacteria with broad spectrum antibacterial activity and good penetration of the cerebrospinal fluid.

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15
Q

List 4 amino-glycosides

A

Gentamycin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin

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16
Q

action of aminoglycosides

A

Interfere with protein synthesis of bacteria

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17
Q

uses of aminoglycosides

A

Serious infections caused by gram negative bacteria (meningitis and peritonitis)

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18
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of aminoglycosides

A

Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, oliguria, pruitis, uticaria, tremors

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19
Q

Interactions and contraindications of aminoglycosides

A

Contraindicated in those with Kidney disease, liver disease, hearing loss

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20
Q

Nursing implications/ patient education for persons taking aminoglycosides

A

Take on an empty stomach, check for allergies, monitor BUN and creatine, do peak & trough levels

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21
Q

Action of tetracyclines

A

inhibit protein synthesis; broad spectrum

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22
Q

Uses of Tetracyclines

A

To treat chlamydia, syphilis, & gonorrhea, and acne

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23
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of tetracyclines

A

N/v, diarrhea, heartburn, photosensitivity, and hepatotoxicity

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24
Q

Interactions/ contraindications of tetracycline

A

Pregnancy, children under 8 (can cause softening/ browning of the teeth)

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25
Nursing implications and patient education for persons taking tetracycline
Take with a full glass of H2O Take on an empty stomach Avoid sunlight exposure Do not take with dairy
26
Routes of Administration for tetracyclines
IM or PO
27
Other tetracyclines
Vibramycin | Teramycin
28
Examples of Macrolides
Azithromycin (Zithromax) E-mycin Clarithoromycin
29
Uses of Macrolides (azithromycin)
Gram positive bacterial infections | Upper respiratory infections, lower respiratory infections, some STDs, & uncomplicated skin/skin structure infections
30
contraindications for persons taking azithromycin
Contraindicated in individuals with liver disease
31
Action of Fluoroquinolones
Kill bacteria by changing their DNA
32
Uses for Fluoroquinolones
GI/ GU & respiratory infections | Soft tissue, bone, & joint infection
33
Contraindications/ interactions of fluoroquinolone
Decreases effectiveness of birth control | Contraindicated in pregnant women, women who are lactating, and children under 18
34
Commonly used names for Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin
35
Nursing implications and patient education for individuals taking fluoroquinolones
Do NOT give with antacids Drink plenty of fluids Give small, frequent meals to avoid GI upset Cautions should be taken with renal or CNS disorders, seizures, or those taking theophylline
36
Side effects and adverse reactions of Fluoroquinilones
GI upset, confusion, HA, dizziness, restlessness
37
Action and use of vancomycin
Prevents cell wall synthesis | Used to treat: MRSA, C. Diff, enterococcus
38
MECRON
``` Side effects and uses of Vancomycin Uses: MEC M= MRSA E= Enterococcus C= C. Diff S/e: RON R= red man syndrome O= ototoxicity N= nephrotoxicity ```
39
Contraindications of using vancomycin
Contraindicated in individuals with hearing loss and those taking kidney drugs
40
Nursing implications for individuals prescribed Vancomycin
Infuse over 60 minutes or longer | Assess peak & trough
41
sulfonimides (sulfa drugs)
Sulfisoxazole Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole
42
Action of sulfa drugs
Interfere with synthesis of folic acid
43
Uses of sulfa drugs
Treatment of UTIs and STDs
44
Side effects and adverse reactions of Sulfa drugs
``` Crytalluria Proteinuria Hematuria Anorexia, anemia Undesirable rash Renal toxicity ```
45
Contraindications for sulfa drugs
Contraindicated in individuals with sulfa or thiazide allergies and for those with kidney disease
46
Nursing implications and patient education for individuals taking sulfonamides
Take on an empty stomach Take with water and drink 8-10 glasses of water per day (fluids galore) Stay out of the sun Look for urine output, fever, sore throat and bleeding
47
Treatment regimen for TB medications
Phase 1: 2 months | Phase 2: 4- 7 months
48
Why is multidrug therapy used to treat TB?
Decrease bacterial resistance Treatment duration decreased Single use is ineffective
49
first line TB drugs
Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Streptomycin | More effective and less toxic
50
2nd line TB drugs
Kanamycin, amikacin, ciprofloxican | Less effective and more toxic
51
Other TB drugs (RIPES)
``` Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Streptomycin ```
52
Major side effects of TB drugs
``` Red-orange secretions Peripheral neuritis Increased uric acid Visual problems Ototoxic, hepatotoxic ```
53
How/ when are TB drugs used as a prophylactic; contraindications
Duration of 6 mo. To 1 year HIV (+) with a positive test Converted from negative to positive TB test Contraindicated in liver disease
54
Action of isoniazid (INH)
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
55
Side effects and adverse reactions of Isoniazid
GI distress, blurred vision, photosensitivity, tinnitus, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, psychotic behavior, seizures, blood dycrasias, hepatotoxicity
56
Interactions and contraindications of isoniazid
Avoid alcohol, rifampin, and phenytoin- these increase the effect of the drug Avoid antacids- this decreases the absorption Alcohol increases the risk of neuropathy and hepatotoxicity
57
Nursing implications and patient education for Isoniazid
``` Take 1 hour before meals/ 2 hours after Follow complete regimen Collect sputum early in the morning Take pyroxidone (vitamin B6) to prevent peripheral neuropathy Need frequent eye exams Report numbness, tingling, & burning ```
58
Route of administration of nystatin (microstatin)
Oral or topical
59
Action of nystatin (Microstatin)
Increase permeability of fungal cell membrane | Fungistatic, fungicidal
60
Nursing implications/ patient education for individuals taking antifungals such as nystatin
Swish and swallow | Gargle if throat infected
61
Routes of Administration of Fluconazole and its uses
Route: oral, IV, vaginal, topical | Treat canidiasis and histoplasmolisis
62
Uses for metronidaxole (flagyl)
Entamoeba histolytica, trichomoniasis, ameobic liver abcesses
63
Nursing implications for individuals taking Metronidazole (Flagyl)
``` Avoid alcohol (causes facial flushing, sweating, severe HA, slurred speech) High doses may cause dark or reddish brown urine Avoid taking during the 1st trimester of pregnancy Watch for HA, dry mouth, fatigue, metallic bitter taste, & GI distress. ```
64
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Zanamivir (Relenza) | Oseltamivir (tamiflu)

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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