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Pharmacology > Anti-Infectives > Flashcards

Anti-Infectives Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary way we treat bacterial infections?

A

Antibiotics

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2
Q

Define bacteremia.

A

The presence of bacteria in the blood.

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3
Q

Define septicemia.

A

The presence of pathogens and their toxins in the blood.

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4
Q

What is the difference between something that is bactericidal and bacteristatic?

A

Cidal will kill it, static inhibits the growth and replication of it.

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5
Q

What class of antibiotic are penicillins?

A

B-lactam antibiotics?

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6
Q

How do penicillins (and other B-lactams) work?

A

The antibiotics bind to the proteins in the cell wall and inhibit cell wall synthesis, causing the cell to lyse.

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7
Q

What is B-lactamase and why is it relevant to antibiotic treatments?

A

B-lactamase is an enzyme produced by bacteria that breaks down the B-lactam that allows the antibiotics to stick to the cell wall, creating resistance to B-lactam antibiotics.

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8
Q

What is given to combat the production of B-lactamase by resistant bacteria?

A

Tazobactam is an antibiotic often used with piperacillin which inhibits B-lactamase formation and increases the effectiveness of piperacillin.

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9
Q

What class of antibiotic are cephalosporins?

A

B-lactams

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10
Q

What are the three cephalosporins you have to know?

A

Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, and Cefotaxime.

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11
Q

What class of antibiotics are Carbapenems?

A

B-lactams

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12
Q

What kind of antibiotics are reserved for the treatment of drug-resistant bacteria?

A

Carbapenems

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13
Q

What are the two carbapenems you have to know?

A

Imipenem and Meropenem

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14
Q

What kind of antibiotic is streptomycin?

A

An aminoglycoside

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15
Q

What class of antibiotic are gentamycin and tobramycin?

A

Aminoglycosides

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16
Q

How do aminoglycosides work?

A

They prevent RNA from developing the peptides used in the construction of the cell wall, which weakens the cell wall and causes the cell to lyse.

17
Q

What are quinolones used to treat?

A

Respiratory infections, gram negative and positive bacteria, and mycobacteria.

18
Q

What is a drawback to using quinolones?

A

There is potential for significant side effects.

19
Q

What are the three quinolones you need to know?

A

Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Moxifloxacin.

20
Q

What is vancomycin and what is it used for?

A

It is a glycopeptide antibiotic used only against gram positive bacteria, typically for antibiotic resistant nosocomial infections (like MRSA).

21
Q

What kind of test do we use to identify tuberculosis and why?

A

An acid-fast stain because TB has a thick, waxy cell wall that gram staining cannot penetrate.

22
Q

What are the common drugs used to treat TB?

A

Isonazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, and Streptomycin

23
Q

What is the treatment for H1N1?

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

24
Q

What class of drug is Fluconazole and what is it used for?

A

It is an Azole anti-fungal typically used for candida infections.

25
Q

What is PCP?

A

Pneumocystic Carinii Pneumonia, a fungal lung infection.

26
Q

What is the first-line treatment for PCP?

A

Co-Trimoxazole

27
Q

What is the second-line treatment for PCP?

A

Pentamidine given IV for 2-3 weeks or aerosolized.

28
Q

What precautions must be taken when using aerosolized pentamidine?

A

One-way valves with filters must be used to prevent exposure of staff to pentamidine. May also place patient in a negative pressure room.

29
Q

Which two anti-microbials are given via aerosolization?

A

Pentamidine and Tobramycin

30
Q

What is the main use of Tobramycin?

A

Primarily used in cystic fibrosis patients to combat pseudomonas infections.

31
Q

What class of antibiotic is Tobramycin?

A

It is an aminoglycoside.

Pharmacology (10 decks)

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