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Pharm Block 3 > Anti-influenza + Anti-Hep + Misc. + Anti-protozoa > Flashcards

Anti-influenza + Anti-Hep + Misc. + Anti-protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four drugs used to treat Influenza?

A

Amantadine, Rimantadine, Oseltamivir, Zanamivir

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2
Q

Which drugs are prophylaxis against Influenza A?

A

Amantadine, Rimantadine. Give within 48 hours of exposure. Cannot treat H3N2 or H1N1.

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Amantadine and Rimantadine?

A

Prevent uncoating of virus by binding to protein M2, an ion channel required at the onset of infection to permit acidification of the viral core, which activates viral RNA transcriptase.

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4
Q

What are side effects of Amantadine and Rimantadine?

A

GI irritation, ataxia, dizziness, slurred speech.

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5
Q

What is the action of Oseltamivir and Zanamivir

A

Inhibits neuraminidase and viral spread. Neuraminidase is produced by influenza A and B and activate against H3N2 and H1N1 strands.

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6
Q

How are Oseltamivir and Zanamivir administered?

A

Oseltamivir is orally activated and Zanamivir is given in a nasal spray

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7
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with Osltamivir and Zanamivir?

A

Oseltamivir has GI disturbances and Zanamivir is associated with cough, through discomfort and bronchospasm (Be very careful with asthmatics)

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8
Q

Which drugs are used to treat viral hepatitis?

A

Interferon Alpha, Adefovir Dipivoxil, Entecavir, Ribavirin.

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9
Q

What is the action of Interferon Alpha?

A

Stimulates formation of antiviral proteins and activates host cell RNAse (ribonuclease) that degrades viral mRNA

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10
Q

What are the clinical uses for Interferon Alpha?

A

Suppressive for Hep B, curative for Hep C

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11
Q

What are the adverse effects of Interferon Alpha?

A

GI irritation, flu-like symptoms, confusion, depression, neutropenia, reversible hearing loss

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of Adefovir Dipivoxil?

A

Prodrug Inhibits Hep B DNA polymerase causing chain termination

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13
Q

What are the side effects of Adefovir Dipivoxil?

A

dose limited nephotoxicity, severe hepatomegaly with steatosis

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14
Q

What is the action of Entecavir?

A

inhibits DNA polymerase in Hep B

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15
Q

What are the adverse effects of Entecavir?

A

headache, dizziness, fatigue, and nausea

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of Ribavirin?

A

inhibits replication in numerous DNA and RNA viruses

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17
Q

What are the clinical uses of Ribavirin?

A

with Interferon alpha for chronic Hep C Virus treatment and in infants and children with severe RSV infection.

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18
Q

What are the adverse effects of Ribavirin?

A

dose-dependent hemolytic anemia

19
Q

What is Metronidazole and Tinidazole used to treat?

A

Bacteroides, Clostridium, Gardnerella vaginalis, and H. Pylori. Give via IV due to GI irritation.

20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Tinidazole and Metronidazole?

A

bioactivated to reactive cytotoxic products that interfere with DNA synthesis

21
Q

What are the adverse effects of Metronidazole and Tinidazole?

A

GI irritation, dark discoloration of urine, increased incidence of opportunistic infections

22
Q

What are Nitrofurantoin, Nalidixic Acid, and Methenamine used to treat?

A

Many urinary pathogens EXCEPT proteus and pseudomonas.

23
Q

What is the mechanism of Nitrofurantoin, Nalidixic Acid, and Methenamine?

A

suppress bacteruria

24
Q

What are the adverse effects of Nitrofurantoin, Nalidixic Acid, and Methenamine?

A

GI irritation, rash, phototoxicity

25
Q

What are the drugs used to treat malaria?

A

Chloroquine, Quinine, Primaquine, Mefloquine, Pyrimethamine, Artesunate, Aretmether, Dihydroartemisinin

26
Q

What is the mechanism of Chloroquine?

A

Prevents the polymerization of heme to hemezoin which would normally protect the parasite. The accumulation of heme results in lysis of the parasite and RBC.

27
Q

What are the clinical uses of Chloroquine?

A

nonfalciparum and sensitive falciparum malaria

28
Q

What are the adverse effects of Chloroquine?

A

GI irritation, skin rash, headache, and in high doses can cause ocular and auditory impairments

29
Q

What is the mechanism of Quinine?

A

complexes with dsRNA to prevent strand separation. Blocks DNA replication. Used for P. Falciparum resistant to chloroquine.

30
Q

What are adverse effects of Quinine?

A

cinchonism (tinitus, GI distress, vertigo, and blurred vision)

31
Q

How does Primaquine work?

A

metabolites produces oxidative stress, eradicating liver stage of P. vivax and P. ovale

32
Q

What are adverse effects of Primaquine?

A

GI distress, pruritis (itching), headache, methemoglobinemia

33
Q

What is the mechanism of Mefloquine?

A

prevents polymerization of hemoglobin to hemozoin.

34
Q

What is the clinical use of mefloquine?

A

used as prophylaxis in areas resistant to chloroquin

35
Q

What are adverse effects of Mefloquine?

A

High doses can cause cardiac conduction defects and neurotoxicity

36
Q

What is mechanism of Pyrimethamine

A

Blocks exoerythrocytic formation via inhibition of protozoan dihydrofolate reductase

37
Q

What is Pyrimethamine used to treat?

A

combined with sulfadoxine to treat chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum.

38
Q

What are the adverse effects of Pyrimethamine?

A

folate deficiency, hemolysis, kidney damage

39
Q

What are the artemisinins used for (and what are they)?

A

Artesunate, aretmether, dihydroartemisinin are activated to toxic free radicals. Oxidative stress kills multidrug resistant malaria.

40
Q

What do the artemisinins treat?

A

multi-drug resistant malaria

41
Q

What drugs are used to treat amebiasis?

A

Chloroquine, emitines, metronidazole, tinidazole

42
Q

How do amebicides work?

A

block ribosomal movement along mRNA. Act on organisms in bowerl wall and liver.

43
Q

What are adverse effects of amebicides?

A

GI distress, muscle weakness, arrhythmias, CHF

44
Q

What amebicides only work in the lumen of the gut?

A

diloxanide furoate, iodoquinol, and paromycin

Pharm Block 3 (4 decks)

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