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Pharmacology II > Anti-parasitic Agents V > Flashcards

Anti-parasitic Agents V Flashcards

1
Q

Albendazole is used in what species?

A

Dogs, cattle

“AL has DOGS and CATTLE”

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2
Q

Fenbendazole is used in what species?

A

Dogs, cats, cattle

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3
Q

Febantel is used in what species?

A

Dogs, cats

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4
Q

Benzimidazoles and pro-benzimidazoles may have excellent activity against?

A

Giardia spp.

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5
Q

Benzimidazoles and pro-benzimidazoles lack or have little?

A

AB activity

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6
Q

Aminoglycosides are used to treat?

A

Giardaiasis, Cryptosporidiosis

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7
Q

Azalides (macrolides) are used to treat?

A

Cryptosporidiosis

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8
Q

Paromycin is used in _______ but is also used in what other species as an extra-label use medication?

A

cattle, dogs, cats, and goats

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9
Q

Paromomycin can lead to?

A

Renal toxicity

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10
Q

Paromomycin is produced by ?

A

streptomyces rimosus

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11
Q

What is Paromomycin’s MOA?

A

MOA: It interferes with bacterial protein synthesis

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12
Q

Paromomycin is poorly absorbed following _______ administration

A

oral

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13
Q

Paromomycin has little activity against ?

A

intestinal bacteria

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14
Q

Azalides are derivates of?

A

macrolides

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15
Q

Azithromycin is an ________ and has activity against ________. It also shows activity against ________.

A

azalide, mycoplasma, cryptosporidium

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16
Q

What is the MOA of Azithromycin?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal unit

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17
Q

Azithromycin is used in what species?

A

Cattle, dogs, cats, and horses

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18
Q

Clindamycin is a ____________ and is used on _____ and _____.

A

Lincosamide, dogs, cats

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19
Q
  • Clindamycin is a ____________ compound (lincomycin)
  • _____ and _________ formulations have similar activity
  • Clindamycin is almost completely absorbed after _____ administration
A

semisynthetic, Oral, parenteral, oral

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20
Q

What is Clindamycin’s MOA?

A

MOA: It exerts its activity by inhibiting protein synthesis at the 50S ribosomal subunit

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21
Q

Lincosamides are used to treat?

A

Toxoplasmosis, Neosporosis

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22
Q

Dihydrofolate reductase/ thymidylate synthase (DHFR/TS) inhibitors are used to treat ?

A
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23
Q

List the Dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase (DHFR/TS) inhibitors.

A

Trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and ormetoprim

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24
Q

Which DHFR/TS inhibitors treat EPM?

A
  1. Trimethoprim combined with sulfadiazine
  2. Pyrimethamine combined with sulfadiazine
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25
Q

Which DHFR/TS inhibitors treat coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis, and
neosporosis?
Which species are they used on?

A
  1. Trimethoprim combined with sulfadiazine –> Dogs and cats
  2. Ormetoprim combined with sulfadimethoxine –> Dogs
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26
Q

Which DHFR/TS inhibitors treat coccidiosis ONLY?

A

Ormetoprim combined with
sulfadimethoxine in Chickens, turkey

To prevent coccidiosis in broiler chickens

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27
Q

Which DHFR/TS inhibitors treat coccidiosis ONLY?
Which species are they used on?
What is the purpose of treating this condition in this species?

A

Ormetoprim combined with
sulfadimethoxine –> Chickens, turkeys

To prevent coccidiosis in
broiler chickens

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28
Q

In ______, the dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase are a bifunctional complex. The MOA of dihydrofolate reductase is critical to the synthesis of __________ _____.
This process will be stopped

Tetrahydrofolic acid → active form of folic acid

A

protozoa, tetrahydrofolic acid

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29
Q

Trimethropim is readily absorbed after ____ administration
* It is available in several forms. List them.

A

oral

tablet, liquid, and paste formulations → combined with sulfonamide (1:5)

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30
Q

The use of __________ in food-producing animals is strictly prohibited by the US FDA
➢ Cattle receiving _________ should never enter the food chain

A

nitroimidazoles, metronidazole

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31
Q

Nitroimidazoles are used to treat?

A

Trypanosomiasis, Trichomoniasis, Giardiasis

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32
Q

Which Nitroimidazoles are used to treat trichomoniasis?

A
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33
Q

Which Nitroimidazoles are used to treat giardiasis?

A
34
Q

Which Nitroimidazoles are used to treat trypanosomiasis?

A
35
Q

What is the MOA of Nitroimidazoles?

A

their exact mechanism of action is not completely understood
→ disrupting DNA and nucleic acid synthesis

36
Q

Nitroimidazoles are ____ absorbed
* ↑ distributed to most body _____
* Primarily metabolized in the _____
* Metabolites/unchanged drug are
eliminated in the ____ and ____

A

well, tissues, liver, urine, feces

37
Q

Hydroquinolones treat?

A
38
Q

In the U.S. the Hydroxyquinolone Decoquinate is approved either as a __________, or combined with other drugs (3?).
BUT it is not FDA-approved for use in animals producing ____ for ________ consumption or in ______ hens.

A

monotherapy, lincomycin, monensin or chlorthetracycline

milk, human, laying

39
Q

The Hydroxyquinolone Decoquniate is used to treat?

A
40
Q

What is the MOA of Hydroxyquinolones?

A

MOA: The quinolone anticoccidials inhibit coccidial respiration by interfering with cytochrome-
mediated electron transport in the parasite mitochondria

41
Q

Decoquinate is poorly absorbed from the ?

A

intestinal tract

42
Q

List the Diamidine derivatives?

A

Diminazene diaceturate and imidocarb dipropianate

43
Q

Diamidine derivatives treat?

A

Trypanosomiasis, babesiosis

44
Q

Diminazene diaceturate treats?

A

Babesiosis in horses and cattle
Trypanosomiasis in cattle

45
Q

Imidocarb dipropianate treats?

A

Babesiosis in dogs and cats

46
Q

What is the MOA of Diamidine derivatives?

A

MOA: These drugs bind to the DNA and interfere with parasite replication

47
Q

Diamidine derivatives tend to accumulate in ?

A

tissues

48
Q

Which tetracyclines treat Babesiosis?

A
49
Q

What is the MOA of Tetracyclines?

A

They bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit of susceptible organisms → interfering with the protein synthesis in growing or multiplying organisms

50
Q

Amprolium is a ________ analogue that treats _________ in what species?

A

Thiamine (Vitamin B1), coccidiosis, Chickens, turkeys, cattle, dogs, and cats

51
Q

What is the MOA of Amprolium ?

A

Competitive inhibition of active thiamine transport into the parasite→ 50-fold greater sensitivity of the parasite system!

52
Q

Prolonged high dosages of Amprolium can lead to?

A

Thiamine deficiency

53
Q

Amprolium is approved for the prevention of coccidiosis in __________ chickens, _______,
and ______ hens

A

growing, turkeys, laying

54
Q

List the Triazine derivatives?

A

Diclazuril, ponazuril, toltrazuril

55
Q

Triazine derivatives treat?

A

EPM and coccidiosis

56
Q

Which Triazine derivatives treat EPM?

A

Diclazuril, Ponazuril

57
Q

Which Triazidine derivatives treat coccidiosis? In which species?

A
58
Q

Diclazuril is approved for use in the prevention of coccidiosis and is not approved in ?

A

laying hens and turkeys

59
Q

What is the MOA of Triazine derivatves?

A

MOA: these drugs act on the apicoplast (plastid) that is present in apicomplexan parasites
→ the exact function of apicoplast is unknown → biosynthesis of amino acids ??

60
Q

Sulfamethazine is a ________ that treats _________ in what species?

A

Sulfonamide, coccidiosis, dogs and cats

61
Q

Sulfadimethoxine is a ________ that treats ________ in what species?

A

sulfonamide, coccidiosis, chickens, turkeys, and cattle

62
Q

Sulfonamides were the first effective __________ used

A

anticoccidials

63
Q

What is the MOA of Sulfonamides?

A

They interfere in the early phases of folate (folic acid) synthesis

64
Q
  • Sulfonamides are often used in combination with ?
  • Sulfamethazine should not be administered to animals producing _____
A

DHFR/TS inhibitors, eggs

65
Q

Monensin is a ?

A

Polyether ionophores

66
Q

Monensin is used as a preventative in what species?

A

Chickens, turkeys, goats, cattle

67
Q

What is the MOA of Monensin?

A

MOA: → They facilitate the transport of Na+ and H+ into the cells.
Lipophilic complexes with alkali metal cations → alterations in membrane integrity

68
Q
  • Monensin is fed for prevention of __________ in broilers and turkeys
  • Prevention in goat → Do not feed to goats producing ____ for human consumption
A

coccidiosis, milk,

69
Q

Robenidine is a __________ derivative.

A

Guanidine

70
Q

Robenidine prevents the formation of?

A

merozoites (E. tenella)

71
Q
  • Robenidine is used for prevention of ________ in chickens
  • Withdrawal time: ___ days → the flesh has an _________ taste
  • Feeds with robenidine should not be given to ________ hens
A

coccidiosis, 5, unpleasant, laying

72
Q

Which drugs are licensed for the treatment of coccidiosis in food animals?

A
73
Q

Which drugs are licensed to treat coccidiosis in dogs and cats?

A
74
Q
A
75
Q
A
76
Q
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77
Q
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78
Q
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79
Q
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80
Q
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81
Q
A

Pharmacology II (27 decks)

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