Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology 4090 > Anti- Parasitic Drugs > Flashcards

Anti- Parasitic Drugs Flashcards

(84 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Macroscopic parasites

A

taenia species (tapeworms), enterobius (pinworm), pediculus (head louse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Microscopic parasites

A

Entamoeba (amebiasis), giardia (beaver fever), trichomonas, plasmodium (malaria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Beef tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pork tapeworm

A

Taenia solium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Life cycle of Taenia species

A

Humans ingest undercooked meat → attaches to intestine → becomes adult → eggs get into feces → cattle or pigs ingest contaminated vegetation → oncospheres get into musculature and stay there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Structures at anterior end of tapeworm

A

Hooks and suckers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cestocidal drugs

A

Praziquantel, niclosamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Praziquantel mechanism

A

Binds outer layer of parasite and produces vacuoles, which causes an influx of calcium and muscle contraction → paralysis, dislodgement, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pk of praziquantel

A

High bioavailability orally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Clinical uses of praziquantel

A

Drug of choice against cestode infections, given in a single oral dose but cannot chew due to bitter taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adverse reactions to praziquantel

A

Mild nausea, headache, abdominal discomfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Niclosamide mechanism

A

Inhibits ATP production and rapidly kills scolex and segments of adult tapeworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pk of niclosamide

A

Minimally absorbed from gi tract (good thing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clinical uses of niclosamide

A

Second choice for taenia species, given as a single oral done but is cheaper and accessible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Adverse reactions of niclosamide

A

Rare; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prevention of tapeworm reinfection

A

Fully cook meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Life cycle of enterobius vermicularis

A

Humans ingest eggs → larvae in si → adults in caecum → migrate to perianal region at night to lay eggs → eggs mature in 4-6 hours → ingested again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clinical presentation of enterobius vermicularis

A

School-aged, asymptomatic, itching causes irritability, incontinence, weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Minimizing enterobius infection

A

Personal hygiene, clean bedrooms, bed linen and night clothes changed frequently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Drugs for enterobius vermicularis

A

Mebendazole, pyrantel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mebendazole pk

A

Given orally and minimally absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mebendazole mechanism

A

Binds beta tubulin so microtubules can’t polymerize → inhibits motility, glucose uptake, and division so parasite is slowly killed and expelled in feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When you should not give mebendazole

A

When pt has diarrhea because quicker transit time means lower efficacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Clinical uses of mebendazole

A

Pinworms - treat twice @2week intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Adverse reactions of mebendazole
Short-term is basically free of adverse effects, but is teratogenic
26
Pyrantel pk
Poorly absorbed from gi tract
27
Pyrantel mechanism
Acts at neuromuscular junction on nicotinic receptors to cause release of ACh and inhibition of AChE → paralysis → expulsion
28
Pyrantel clinical uses
Pinworms but narrower spectrum, treat twice @ 2 week interval
29
Adverse reactions of pyrantel
Mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
30
Life cycle of pediculus capitis
Stay on head and feed on human blood; go from egg to 1st nymph in 8-9 days and egg to adult in 18-21 days
31
Clinical presentation of pediculus capitis
Itchy head, most easily seen behind ears or back of neck
32
Transmission of pediculus capitis
Mainly direct head-to-head contact
33
Drugs for pediculus capitis
Permethrin and malathion
34
Permethrin mechanism
Keeps voltage-gated sodium channels open, which causes depolarization and paralysis
35
Pk of permethrin
Minimally absorbed through skin, rapidly inactivated in liver, high prevalence of resistance
36
Malathion mechanism
Irreversibly inhibits AChE —>paralysis
37
Adverse reactions of permethrin and malathion
Itching or burning of scalp that can persist for days after lice are killed
38
Principles of pediculus capitis treatment
They don't kill eggs, retreat at 9-10 day intervals, treat bedmates at same time, treat household, manually remove nits after treatment
39
Protozoa
Eukaryotes with similar metabolic processes to the host, antiprotozoal drugs may cause significant toxicity
40
Entamoeba histolytica
Parasite that causes amebiasis
41
Amebiasis
Disease caused by E. Histolytica
42
Life cycle of E histolytica
Ingested by humans → cysts released in si and become trophozoites → turn back into cysts after replication → excreted in feces
43
Outcomes of amebiasis
Asymptomatic colonization in colon, invasive amoebic colitis, liver abscess, ameboma
44
Categories of amebicidal drugs
Luminal amebicides, systemic amebicides, mixed amebicides
45
Luminal amebicides
Used if you only have cysts and trophozoites it the bowel lumen (asymptomatic)
46
Systemic amebicides
Used if you have parasites in the intestinal wall and liver, but do not killed trophozoites or cysts in lumen
47
Mixed amebicides
Drug of preference for sick pts; kill parasites in lumen, wall, and liver
48
Metronidazole pharmacokinetics
Given orally, readily absorbed, and extensively distributed; metabolized by mixed-function oxidase and glucuronylation in liver, all excreted in urine; clearance will decrease if impaired liver function
49
Metronidazole mechanism
Ferrodoxin-like, low-redox potential, electron transport proteins transfer electrons to nitro groups of metronidazole → cytotoxic products
50
Metronidazole adverse effects
Nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal cramps, metallic taste, alcohol causes nausea and vomiting, avoided in pregnant/nursing women because mutagenic in bacteria
51
Clinical uses of metronidazole
Drug of choice for diarrhea/dysentery but not reliable for luminal parasites so have to be given with luminal amebicide
52
Iodoquinol uses
After treatment of symptomatic amebiasis and for asymptomatic infections; effective against luminal stages
53
Iodoquinol adverse effects
Rash, diarrhea, peripheral neuropathy, optic neuritis (avoid long-term use)
54
Treatment protocol for metastatic amebiasis
High dosage metronidazole followed by iodoquinol
55
Life cycle of Giardia lamblia
Ingested through contaminated food /water → get into intestine but do not invade → excreted in feces but only cysts survive in environment
56
Clinical signs of Giardia
Usually asymptomatic but can cause severe diarrhea
57
Drug of choice for Giardia
Metronidazole at low doses but do not treat asymptomatic infections
58
Trichomonas vaginalis residence
Female lower genital tract, male urethra and prostate; do not survive in external environment, do not have cyst form
59
Trichomoniasis
Common sexually transmitted disease
60
Clinical signs of trichomoniasis
Vaginal discharge, vulvar itching, urination discomfort, men usually asymptomatic but can have urethral discharge or burning sensation
61
Trichomoniasis treatment
Metronidazole, typically single dose unless resistant, systemic therapy preferred, always treat sexual partner
62
Most severe form of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum
63
Only parasites of malaria that cause clinical illness
Erythrocytic
64
Clinical signs of malaria
Headache, back and limb pain, anorexia, nausea, fever, chills, anemia
65
Cerebral malaria
Slowly lapse into coma with convulsions because parasitized RBCs block cerebral blood vessels
66
Plasmodium life cycle
Infected mosquito injects sporozoites into human → infect liver and multiply asexually as tissue schizonts → liver cells burst and release merozoites that infect red blood cells → merozoites reproduce asexually in red blood cells as blood schizonts → infected RBCs burst and release gametes → mosquito picks up gametes and produces sporozoites
67
Categories of malaria drugs
Tissue schizonticides, blood schizonticides, gametocides
68
Treatment of falciparum and malariae
Only need blood schizonticides
69
Treatment of vivax and ovale
Need tissue and blood schizonticides
70
Prevention of mosquito bites
Insect repellents, insecticides, appropriate clothing, bed nets with permethrin
71
Chloroquine clinical uses
Chemo prophylaxis if parasites are sensitive to it, treatment of chloroquine-sensitive falciparum
72
Chloroquine pk
Taken orally once/week, rapidly absorbed and distributed, is a blood schizonticide, metabolized by liver and excreted in urine
73
Chloroquine mechanism
Concentrates in food vacuole and prevents polymerization of heme into hemozoin, resulting in oxidative damage and lysis
74
Chloroquine resistance
Mutations in membrane transporter
75
Chloroquine adverse effects
Minimal at low doses, at high doses can get nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, but can take after meals to minimize
76
Mefloquine clinical uses
Chemoprophylaxis and treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum
77
Mefloquine resistance
Less common; associated with quinine and halofantrine resistance
78
Mefloquine pk
Given orally once/week, well absorbed and distributed, eliminated slowly, blood schizonticide
79
Mefloquine mechanism
Concentrated in parasite and may inhibit heme polymerization; final result is membrane damage
80
Mefloquine adverse reactions
Neuropsychiatric toxicity, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sleep and behaviour disturbances
81
Doxycycline clinical lenses
Chemo prophylaxis of multidrug resistant falciparum, treatment of falciparum with quinidine or quinine
82
Doxycycline pk
Given daily orally, blood schizonticide
83
Doxycycline mechanism
Inhibits protein synthesis
84
Doxycycline adverse effects
Infrequent gi symptoms, photosensitivity

Pharmacology 4090 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions