Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal Flashcards by Vic Nardo

Antimicrobial

drug that is active against bacteria, virus, fungi, or parasite

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gram positive bacteria

thicker wall

multiple steps of peptidoglycan synthesis are drug targets

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gram negative bacteria

thinner wall
membrane make it harder for drugs to penetrate
entry to aqueous pore

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selective toxicity

acts only on bacteria and not on human cells

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bactericidal

kill bacteria

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concentration dependent

need to get drug to a certain level

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time dependent

need to get drug concentration there for a certain amount of time

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what is preferred spectrum broad or narrow?

narrow because is treat couple of bacteria and prevent resistance

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What are 3 factors when selecting drug treatment?

Bacteria, host specific, and drug specific factors

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Cell wall MOA

bind penicillin binding proteins and inhibit linking of peptide chains

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Cell membrane MOA

Make gram-negative membrane permeable so compounds can cross cell wall
usually topical due to toxicity

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protein synthesis MOA

action at ribosome to block mRNA translation

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DNA synthesis MOA

Block DNA so cant correctly form

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DNA strand MOA

interact with DNA to cause DNA breaks

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aminoglycosides and macrolides ends with

-mycin or -micin

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penicillin-
meds?
usage?
AE?

amoxicillin, amoxicillina/clavulante (augmentin), Pipercillin/Tazobactum (Zosyn)
Commonly used for broad coverage
AE: GI, hypersensitivity

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Cephalosporins

Cephalexin (Keflex), Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
Nosocomial infections, surgical prophylaxis
AE: GI, hypersensitivity

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Glycopeptide

Vancomycin
Treats MRSA, C. Diff
AE: Hypotension- reduce by not giving it too fast

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Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

AE: Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity

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Macrolides

Azithromycin (Z-pack)

AE: GI issues, QT prolongation, CYP inhibitors (DDI)

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Tetracylines

Doxycycline

AE: usually well-tolerated, GI, photosensitivity

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Streptogramins AE?

Arthralgia, myalgia

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Lincosamide

Clindamycin

AE- GI, can cause C. diff

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Fluroquinolones

ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin (Levaquin)

AE: GI, phototoxicity, tendon rupture, significant hypoglycemia

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Nitroimidazole

Metronidazole (Flagyl) | GI< metallic taste, less common peripheral neuropathy

Sulfonamide

Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (Bactrim) | Can cause allergy, Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Innate drug resistance

drug cannot get into the cell

Acquired drug resistance

bacteria has changed over time

What can PT do to prevent drug resistance

discourage antibiotic overuse, finish the full course of antibiotics, infection prevention and control protocols

what factors contribute to drug resistance?

misuse of antibiotics, international OTC antibiotics, antibiotics in livestock

Rehab considerations for antibiotics

patient education on compliance with medication dosage, | handwashing, PPE, disinfection equipment

C. diff transmission and symptoms

contact, fecal to oral route (bacteria can survive 5 months in environment. Symptoms: watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fever

C. diff occurs when ?

GI flora interrupted (broad-spectum antibiotics, chemo, immunosuppressive therapy)

Enteric precautions for C. Diff

gloves, gown, chlorine-based cleaner, hand washing

DDI with antibiotics

several classes cause significant interactions with other drugs erythromycin and warfarin- increase bleeding risk

antibiotics blood cell formation

inhibit RBC, WBC, platelet formation (increase bleeding risk)

what drugs class increase dizziness or vertigo?

doxycycline, aminoglycosides, fluroquinolones

What drug classes cause ototoxicity?

aminoglycosides and vancomycin

box warning for hep A vaccine

thrombosis risk

AE interferon Hep B

flu-like symptoms

most common AE with direct acting antiviral (DDA)?

fatigue, weakness, headache

what to watch out for when taking amiodarone and DAA

bradycardia

What is HAART?

Combination therapy to increase efficacy and decrease resistance

symptoms when taking antiviral meds

NVD, SJS, myalgia, arthralgia, tremors, sizures

other potential manifistations of antiviral drugs

cardiac dysfunction, hyperglycemia, peripheral neuropathy

Rehab concerns about antiviral drugs

exercise tolerance will be affected interferon drugs may produce flu like symptoms anemia reduced max o2 uptake viral load might increase during periods of intense exercise prolong intense exercise impairs immune function

class for nystatin

polyenes

fluconazole and ketoconazole class

azoles

what to watch out for when taking Azoles?

cyp interactions

Which Hepatitis does not have a vaccine?

Hepatitis C

Inactivated vaccine

Killed pathogen | Require multi-dose or booster

subunit or conjugated vaccine

piece of the pathogen | may need booster

live attenuated vaccine

weakened pathogen | lifelong for most

toxoid vaccine

pathogen toxin instead of actual pathogen | may need booster

which kind of vaccine shouldn't take when immune compromised?

live attenuated

Does vaccine immune response happen immediately?

no, it takes 2 weeks

chemotherapy

drugs that inhibit growth and replication of cancer cells

target therapy

damage caner cells by blocking specific genes or proteins

immunotherapy

hormones and drugs that use the immune system to treat cancer

oral chemotherapy precautions

wear gloves when touching laundry or body fluids extra caution in pregnancy or planning pergnancy look up the medication

therapeutic concerns with chemo

falls, decrease cognition, peripheral neuropathy, impaired sensation, strength, and balance, cancer related fatigue

Vancomycin drug class

Glycopeptides

Gentamicin drug class

Aminoglycosides

Azithromycin (z-pack) drug class

macrolides

clindamycin drug class

Lincosamides

Fluoroquinolones drug endings

-floxacin

Innate resistance

drug itself cannot get into the cell

acquired resistance

the bacteria has changed over time

bacteriostatic

inhibit growth, require host immune system | not useful for someone with compromised immune system

What antibiotic class are broad coverage

penicillians, Macrolides, Tetracylines, Sulfonamide

TB drugs have potential AE in?

liver and kidney issues, visual disturbances, CN VIII damage, neurologic symtoms

what cause secondary multidrug-resistant TB

noncomliance or received inadequate treatment

HIV therapy is based on

previous treatment, reistance, genetic factors, HIV RNA count, CD4 coutnt

Rehab concerns to HIV

opportunistic infections, neuromuscular problems

2 types of Fungal Infections

superficial, systemic

Azoles AE

arrhythmia, menstrual irregularities

Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal Flashcards

(76 cards)