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TOP 300 > Antibacterials and Antifungals > Flashcards

Antibacterials and Antifungals Flashcards

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1
Q

generic name and class

amoxil

A

generic: amoxicillin
class: aminopenicillins

beta lactam

gram positive coverage; Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp, and some Enterobacterales

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2
Q

generic name and class

augmentin

A

generic: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
class: aminopenicillins

beta lactam

gram-positive and gram-negative coverage; co-formulation of amoxicillin with a beta-lactamase inhibitor allows for extended coverage of Gram
negatives that produce beta-lactamases

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3
Q

generic name and class

omnicef

A

generic: cefdinir
class: 3rd gen cephalosporins

beta lactam

gram-positive and gram-negative coverage

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4
Q

generic name and class

ceftin

A

generic: cefuroxime
class: 2nd gen cephalosporins

beta lactam

mostly gram-positive coverage

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5
Q

generic name and class

kaflex

A

generic: cephalexin
class: 1st gen cephalosporins

beta lactam

mostly gram-positive coverage

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6
Q

generic name and class

penicillin vk

A

generic: penicillin
class: natural penicillins

beta lactam

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7
Q

MOA

beta-lactams

A

mechanism-based inhibition of penicillin binding proteins to prevent bacterial cell wall growth, maintenance and homeostasis

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8
Q

ADRs and contraindications

beta-lactams

A
  • allergy
  • anaphylaxis
  • serum sickness
  • rash
  • glomerulonephritis
  • DRESS
  • altered microbiome: GI upset/diarrhea
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9
Q

key counseling points

beta lactams

A
  • take to completion
  • will not affect contraceptives
  • can use probiotics for diarrhea not yeast infections
  • take with food
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10
Q

generic name and class

cipro, cipro xr

A

generic: ciprofloxacin oral
class: fluoroquinolones

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11
Q

generic name and class

ciprodex otic, cetraxal, cipro hc

A

generic: ciprofloxacin otic
class: fluoroquinolones

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12
Q

generic name and class

levaquin

A

generic: levofloxacin
class: fluoroquinolones

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13
Q

generic name and class

zymar, zymaxid

A

generic: gatifloxacin ophthalmic
class: fluoroquinolones

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14
Q

indication

fluoroquinolones

A
  • Gram positive activity—active against MSSA, typically resistant in MRSA but susceptibility testing will decide utility
  • Gram negative activity—generally considered “gram negative” agent; provides broad gram-negative coverage, including to Pseudomonas
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15
Q

MOA

fluoroquinolones

A

block bacterial DNA synthesis through inhibition of topoisomerase II and topoisomerase IV

  • Topoisomerase II inhibition—results in supercoiled DNA
  • Topoisomerase IV inhibition—prevents DNA from being separated into daughter cells during
    cell division
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16
Q

ADRs

fluoroquinolones

A
  • QT prolongation (low)
  • C. diff associated diarrhea
  • ciprofloxacin - no renal adjustments needed
  • levofloxacin - renal adjustments needed
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17
Q

contraindications

fluoroquinolones

A

hypersensitivity

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18
Q

BBW

fluoroquinolones

A
  • tendon rupture
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • exacerbations of myasthenia gravis
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19
Q

key counseling points

fluoroquinolones

A
  • will not affect oral contraceptives
  • take to completion
  • probiotics help for diarrhea not for yeast infections
  • avoid taking with food or drinks high in calcium (dairy, vitamins, other medicines, etc.)
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20
Q

generic name and class

blaxin

A

generic: clarithromycin
class: macrolide

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21
Q

generic name and class

erythrocin

A

generic: erythromycin
class: macrolide

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22
Q

generic name and class

zithromax

A

generic: azithromycin
class: macrolide

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23
Q

indication

macrolides

A
  • Gram positive activity—Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenese
  • Gram negative activity—H. pylori, Chlamydia, Mycoplasm, Neisseria
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24
Q

MOA

macrolides

Study These Flashcards
A
  • binds to rRNA of 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome
  • protein synthesis inhibition
25
ADRs | macrolides
* GI side effects * QT prolongation (moderate) * change in taste * SJS
26
contraindications | macrolides
* hypersensitivity * DDI-inhibits CYP3A4 metabolism
27
key counseling points | macrolides
* will not affect contraceptives * take to completion * probiotics help for diarrhea not for yeast infections
28
generic name and class | vibramycin
generic: doxycycline class: tetracyclines
29
generic name and class | minocin
generic: minocycline class: tetracycline
30
indication | tetracyclines
* Gram positive activity—Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphyloccci, Listeria monocytogenese * Gram negative activity—H. pylori, Chlamydia, Mycoplasm, Neisseria
31
MOA | tetracyclines
* protein synthesis inhibition * binds to rRNA to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome * prevent binding of tRNA to ribosome complex stopping addition of new amino acids to peptide chain
32
ADRs | tetracyclines
* GI side effects * increased skin sensitivity to light
33
contraindications | tetracyclines
* allergy * children under 8 years old * pregnancy * concurrent retinoic acid derivatives (accutane)
34
key counseling points | tetracyclines
* will not affect contraceptives * take to completion * probiotics help diarrhea but not yeast infections * avoid taking with foods or drinks high in calcium and magnesium * don't use leftover antibiotics
35
generic - brand | miscellaneous
1. metronidazole - flagyl 2. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - bactrim and septra 3. nitrofurantoin - macrodantin and macrobid 4. mupirocin - bactroban 5. chlorhexidine - paroex and peridex and hibiclens 6. fidaxomicin - dificid 7. clindamycin - cleocin
36
indications | miscellaneous
1. metronidazole - C. diff, H. pylori, anaerobic bacteria 2. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - gram positive, P. jirovecii (PCP pneumonia), some gram negative activity 3. nitrofurantoin - gram + or gram -, UTIs only 4. mupirocin - topical only, used for impetigo (staphylococci, streptococci) 5. chlorhexidine - topical only, antiseptic rather than antibiotic 6. fidaxomicin - C. diff 7. clindamycin - gram positive: streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci
37
MOA | miscellaneous
1. metronidazole - accumulation of toxic byproduct in bacteria 2. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - disrupts synthesis of nucleotide precursors by acting as folate antagonist 3. nitrofurantoin - accumulation of toxic byproduct in bacteria 4. mupirocin - protein synthesis inhibitor 5. chlorhexidine - membrane destabilization of gram + and gram - and mycobacteria 6. fidaxomicin - protein synthesis inhibitor 7. clindamycin - protein synthesis inhibition by binding to 50S subunit of ribosome (like macrolides)
38
ADRs | miscellaneous
1. metronidazole - DDI: warfarin, CYP3A4/5 substrates 2. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - upset stomach, renal failure, hyperkalemia, SJS 3. nitrofurantoin - discolored urine, upset stomach, pulmonary fibrosis/interstitial lung disease 4. mupirocin - well tolerated/topical, pruritis, local burning/stinging 5. chlorhexidine - well tolerated/topical, pruritis, local burning/stinging 6. fidaxomicin - nausea and fever 7. clindamycin - C. diff, diarrhea, maculopapular rash, DRESS
39
contraindications | miscellaneous
1. metronidazole - allergy, 1st trimester pregnancy, alcohol 2. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - sulfonamide allergy, history of drug induced thrombocytopenia w/ sulfonamides 3. nitrofurantoin - allergy, hemolytic anemia risk in pregnant women at term, CrCl < 60 5. mupirocin - allergy 6. chlorhexidine - allergy 7. fidaxomicin - allergy 8. clindamycin - allergy
40
key counseling points | miscellaneous
1. metronidazole - no alcohol 2. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - diarrhea, weak inhibition of human folate 3. nitrofurantoin - discolored urine 4. clindamycin - diarrhea for >3 days or after finishing antibiotic should discuss w/ physician , take with food
41
generic name and class | diflucan
generic: fluconazole class: azoles
42
generic name and class | nizoral
generic: ketoconazole topical class: azoles
43
indications | azoles
Spectrum: Anti-fungal with activity against * Cryptococcus * Candida
44
MOA | azoles
inhibition of fungal CYP51 to block synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of membrane
45
ADRs | azoles
* headache * DDIs with other agents metabolized by CYP3A4
46
contraindications | azoles
* allergy * moderate QT prolongation * pregnancy
47
key counseling points | azoles
take with food
48
generic name and class | biostatin
generic: nystatin oral class: nystatin
49
generic name and class | mycostatin, nyamyc, nystop
generic: nystatin topical class: nystatin
50
indications | nystatin
Spectrum: Anti-fungal with activity against * Candida
51
MOA | nystatin
polyene macrolide that binds and destabilizes fungal cell membrane
52
contraindications | nystatin
allergy
53
key counseling points | nystatin
take with food
54
generic name and class | lamisil
generic: terbinafine class: terbinafines
55
indications | terbinafine
Spectrum: activity against dermatophytes, yeasts (e.g., candida), and dimorphic fungi * Typically used to treat nail infections
56
MOA | terbinafine
allylamine that inhibits ergosterol synthesis through inhibition of squalene epoxidase to destabilize the fungal cell membrane
57
ADRs | terbinafine
* hepatoxicity with systemic * SJS/TEN - emergency
58
contraindications | terbinafine
* allergy * existing liver disease
59
key counseling points | terbinafine
possible temp alterations to taste and smell

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