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OU Module ID Fall 2018 > Antibacterials Drugs and Spectrum Exam 2 > Flashcards

Antibacterials Drugs and Spectrum Exam 2 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

What are the β-lactams?

A
  • penicillin G
  • penicillin V
  • oxacillin
  • ampicillin
  • amoxicillin
  • piperacillin
  • amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
  • piperacillin + tazobactam
  • meropenem + vaborbactam
  • nafcillin
  • dicloxacillin
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2
Q

penicillin G spectrum

A

Narrow, Gram +

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3
Q

penicillin V spectrum

A

Narrow, Gram +

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4
Q

oxacillin spectrum

A

Narrow, Gram +

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5
Q

ampicillin spectrum

A

Extended spectrum

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6
Q

amoxicillin spectrum

A

Extended spectrum

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7
Q

piperacillin spectrum

A
  • Extended spectrum (broadest in this group)

- good activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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8
Q

amoxicillin + clavulanic acid spectrum

A

Extended to broad spectrum

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9
Q

piperacillin + tazobactam spectrum

A

Extended to broad spectrum (BROAD)

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10
Q

meropenem + vaborbactam spectrum

A

Extended to broad spectrum

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11
Q

nafcillin spectrum

A

Narrow Gram + spectrum

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12
Q

dicloxacillin spectrum

A

Narrow Gram + spectrum

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13
Q

When would you use oxacillin, nafcillin, or dicloxacillin?

A

when Staphylococcus aureus is the suspected pathogen

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14
Q

What are the Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins?

A
  • oxacillin
  • nafcillin
  • dicloxacillin
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15
Q

What are the Aminopenicillins?

A
  • Ampicillin
  • amoxicillin
  • piperacillin
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16
Q

What is special about the Aminopenicillins?

A
  • extended antibacterial spectrum
  • form ziwtterions at body pH
  • increased penetration across the outer membrane of Gram – bacteria
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17
Q

What are the β-lactamases inhibitors?

A
  • Clavulanic acid
  • tazobactam
  • vaborbactam
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18
Q

What are the combinations of PCN + β-lactamases inhibitors?

A
  • Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
  • Piperacillin + tazobactam
  • Meropenem + vaborbactam
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19
Q

What are the first generation Cephalosporins?

A
  • Cefazolin
  • cephalexin
  • cefadroxil
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20
Q

First generation Cephalosporin spectrum

A
  • Extended G+ spectrum

- the G- that they target: Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella (PEcK)

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21
Q

What are the Second Generation Cephalosporins?

A
  • Cefoxitin
  • cefuroxime
  • cefaclor
  • cefprozil
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22
Q

Second Generation Cephalosporins spectrum

A
  • (More) Extended G+ spectrum
  • Hemophilus, Enterobacter, Neisseria (HENPEcK)
  • Less sensitive to β-lactamases compared to first generation
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23
Q

What are the Third Generation Cephalosporins?

A
  • Cefotaxime
  • Ceftriaxone
  • Ceftazidime
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24
Q

Third Generation Cephalosporins spectrum

A
  • Broad spectrum antibiotics
  • Gram +, but less active on Gram + than first generation
  • Most enterobacteriaceae (rod-shaped Gram -)
  • Resistant to β-lactamases
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25
Ceftazidime spectrum
unusual high activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NOT an enterobacteriaceae)
26
Ceftaroline spectrum
- Broad Spectrum - Resistant to β-lactamases - Unusually good activity against MRSA, and even against vancomycin-resistant Staph. aureus (VRSA) - First β-LACTAM approved to treat MRSA and VRSA - Not active against P. aeruginosa
27
What are the Fourth Generation Cephalosporins?
Cefepime
28
Fourth Generation Cephalosporins (Cefepime) spectrum
- Broad spectrum - Better activity than third generation on G+ - Active on most enterobacteriaceae (like third gen.) - Excellent activity against P. aeruginosa - Resistant to β-lactamases
29
What are the Fifth Generation Cephalosporins?
Ceftaroline
30
β-lactam: Carbapenems spectrum
- Extremely Broad Spectrum (broadest of the PCN group) - G+ except MRSA, G- including P. aeruginosa, most anaerobic bacteria - Resistant to β-lactamases
31
What are the Carbapenems?
- Imipenem - meropenem - doripenem - ertapenem
32
β-lactam: Monobactams spectrum
- Narrow G- Spectrum | - Gram – only, including P. aeruginosa, aerobic only
33
What are the Monobactams?
Aztreonam
34
What can you use to treat MRSA (class)?
- Glycopeptides / lipoglycopeptides - Lipopeptides - Oxazolidinones (best oral for this indication) - Streptogramins - Lincosamides
35
Glycopeptides spectrum
- Narrow Gram + spectrum - Streptococci - Enterococci - MRSA infections - Clostrodium difficile (G+, anaerobic)
36
Vancomycin uses for oral
Clostridium difficile diarrhea
37
What are the Lipoglycopeptides?
- Oritavancin - Telavancin - Dalbavancin
38
Which drug is useful against VRSA?
Oritavancin
39
What are the lipopeptide?
- Daptomycin
40
Lipopeptides spectrum
- Narrow Gram + | - resistant Gram + MRSA and VRSA
41
What are the oxazolidinones?
- Linezolid | - Tedizolid
42
Oxazolidionones spectrum
- Narrow Gram + - Most cocci, Staphylococci including MRSA, VRSA, Streptococci - penicillin-resistant Strep. pneumoniae, Enterococci including VRE - The best oral drug for MRSA infections
43
What are the Streptrogramins?
Quinupristin / Dalfopristin
44
Streptrogramins spectrum
- Narrow Gram + spectrum - Gram +, most cocci: Staphylococci, MRSA, VRSA, Streptococci, Enterococci (not E. fecalis), VRE - Considered last resort antibiotic
45
Lincosamide spectrum
- Narrow Gram + - Most typical aerobic Gram + (Staph., Strep.), some strains of MRSA respond - Many anaerobic Gram + - Special property: Activity against some anaerobic Gram - Used for Gram + and anaerobic infections
46
What are the Lincosamides?
Clindamycin
47
Macrolide spectrum
- hydrophobicity will help macrolides cross the outer membrane of some G-
48
What are the Macrolides?
- Erythromycin - Clarithromycin - Azithromycin
49
What is a ketolide?
- Telithromycin - binds MLS(b) and another site - inhibits some MLS resistant bacteria
50
Macrolides spectrum
- Extended G+ - Primarily active against Gram +, but Strep. pneumoniae wide-spread resistance in the USA is becoming a serious threat - Not active against MRSA - Gram -, major respiratory pathogens (Hemophilus influenzae), some atypical pathogens. Not active against typical G- (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) so not classified as broad spectrum
51
Clarithromycin spepctrum
Macrolide spectrm + Active against some anaerobes and better activity on G+
52
Azithromycin spepctrum
Macrolide spectrm + better activity on G-; Not active against anaerobes
53
Sulfamethoxazole spectrum
Broad spectrum
54
Trimethoprim spectrum
Broad spectrum
55
Sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim spectrum
Many MRSA strains respond
56
What are the ansamycins?
Rifamycin: rifampin, rifabutin, Rifaximin
57
Ansamycins spectrum
- Broad - Especially active against Mycobacteria - Primarily used for Tuberculosis
58
What are the fluoro/quinolones?
- ozenoxacin - ciprofloxacin - ofloxacin - levofloxacin - moxifloxacin - Delafloxacin,
59
Fluoro/quinolones spectrum
Broad
60
ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin spectrum
more active against G – , including P. aeruginosa
61
levofloxacin, moxifloxacin spectrum
improved activity against G+, not active against MRSA
62
Delafloxacin spectrum
- better activity against G+ - active against some MRSA, - less resistance develops - more active at acidic pHs.
63
moxifloxacin spectrum within its own class
best activity against anaerobes
64
What are the Tetracyclines?
- Tetracycline - Doxycycline - Doxycycline - Tigecycline - omadacycline - omadacycline
65
Tetracyclines spectrum
- Usually more active against G+ than G-, not active against P. aeruginosa - Tetracycline is not active against MRSA - Doxycycline and Minocycline are active on some MRSA - Tigecycline, omadacycline and eravacycline are active against more MRSA and multiresistant organisms
66
What are the aminoglycosides?
- Gentamicin - Tobramycin - Amikacin - Plazomicin
67
Aminoglycosides spectrum
- Extended G- Active against G -, including P. aeruginosa, Plazomicin is also active against multidrug resistant G - - Some G + but many are resistant, not active against MRSA - ransporters are oxygen-dependent so these drugs are inactive on anaerobic bacteria
68
What are the polypeptides?
- Colistin | - Belong to the polymyxin family of molecules
69
Polypeptide spectrum
- Narrow G - - Gram -, especially Pseudomonas, Escherichia, and Klebsiella species - Active against multidrug resistant G -
70
What are the nitromidazoles?
- Metronidazole | - Secnidazole
71
Nitromidazole spectrum
- Gram + and Gram - anaerobes - Metronidazole no longer recommended for Clostrodium difficile infections - Secnidazole (single oral dose) was approved for bacterial vaginosis

OU Module ID Fall 2018 (18 decks)

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