Antibiotic Drugs Flashcards
(20 cards)
Indications of Prophylactic use
- Prevention of infection for client with GIT, cardio, orthopedic, or gynecologic surgeries
- Prevention of STI’s following sexual exposure
Limit prophylactic use to patients with
1. Prosthetic heart valves
2. Recurring UTI
This type of DOC is for gram-positive cocci such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, viridians, and pyogenes
Penicillin
Contraindications/Precautions of using Penicillin
-C/I for pt who have severe history of allergies
-use cautiously in pt who have or are at risk for kidney dysfunction
-Penicillin Skin Test is done prior to adm.
-Pregnancy Category B
It is a type of testing that is a bioassay performed on the skin which detects presence of allergen-specific IgE on a pt’s mast cells
Penicillin Skin Testing
What are the three antibiotics affecting the protein synthesis?
- Tetracyclines
- Macrolides
- Aminoglycosides
What are the three antibiotics affecting the bacterial cell wall?
- Penicillin
- Cephalosporins
- Other inhibitors
What is the pharmacologic class of the drug Aztreonam (Azactam)?
Monobactam
What is the pharmacologic class of the drug Imipenem/Cilastin (Primaxin)?
Carbapenem
Adverse effects of Carbapenem
-Allergy/hypersensitivity
-possible cross-sensitivity to penicillin or cephalosporins
- GI symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)
-Suprainfection
It binds to 30s ribosomal unit of the MOs and is not given to children below 8 y/o, pregnant and lactating mothers d/t significant tooth discoloration of the child
Tetracyclines
What is the pharmacologic class of the drug Demeclocycline (Declomycin)?
Tetracycline
It is a bacteriostatic but with high enough concentrations may be bactericidal via binding with 50s ribosomes of MOs
Macrolides
Adverse effects of Macrolides
-GI discomfort (nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain)
- Prolonged QT interval causing dysrhythmias and possible sudden cardiac death
- Ototoxicity with high-dose therapy
Nursing interventions/Client education for Macrolides drug
-administer erythromycin with meals
-observe GI symptoms and notify the provider
-used in pt who have prolonged QT intervals is not recommended
-avoid concurrent use with medications that affect hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes
-monitor for hearing loss, vertigo, and ringing in the ear
When administering Macrolides, the oral preparation on an empty stomach is usually done ____ with a full glass of water unless with GI distress
1 hour before or 2 hours after
What are the three most common aminoglycosides?
- Amikacin
- Gentamicin
- Tobramycin
Usual dosage range for amikacin, gentamicin, neomycin, tobramycin
Amikacin
adult and pediatric (IV: 15 mg/kg/day divided 2-3 times daily or 15-20 mg/kg once daily
neonatal (IV: 10 mg/kg load, then 7.5 mg/kg q12h)
Gentamicin
adult (IV/IM: 2-6 mg/kg/day divided 1-4 times daily or 5-7 mg/kg once daily
pediatric and neonatal (IV/IM: 2-2.5 mg/kg q8h)
Neomycin
adult (PO/PR: 3000-9000 mg divided between 3-9 doses)
Tobramycin
adult (IV/IM: 3-6 mg/kg/day divided 1-3 times daily or 5-7 mg/kg once daily)
pediatric (IV/IM: 6-7.5 mg/kg/day divided 3-4 times daily)
neonatal (IV/IM: 3 mg/kg q24h or 2 mg/kg q12h)
Adverse effects of Aminoglycosides
-Ototoxicity (cochlear damage [hearing loss], vestibular damage [loss of balance])
-Nephrotoxicity related to high total cumulative dose resulting in acute tubular necrosis (proteinuria, casts in the urine, dilute urine, elevated BUN, creatinine levels)
-intensified neuromuscular blockage resulting in respiratory depression or muscle weakness
-hypersensitivity (rash, pruritus, paresthesia of hands and feet, and urticaria)
It is use cautiously in pt with kidney impairment, premature and full-term neonates
Aminoglycosides
It destroys bacteria by altering their DNA and it does not affect human DNA, very potent bactericidal broad-spectrum antibiotics and suitable for treating complicated UTIs
Quinolones
