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PHRM 865: Theraputics V > Antibiotic Selection > Flashcards

Antibiotic Selection Flashcards

Intro? (53 cards)

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1
Q

What the MAIN species of Gram-Positive/Negative Bacteria?

A
  • Cocci & Bacilli
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2
Q

What are some of the Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Cluster?

A
  • Coagulase Positive: S. Aurues
  • Coagulase Negative: S. Epidermis, S lugdunesis, S. Hominis, S. Capitis, S. Sarprophyticus, S. Haemolyticus
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3
Q

What are some of the Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Pairs?

A
  • Strepococcus Pneumoniae
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4
Q

What are some of the Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Chains?

A
  • S. Pyogenes & S. agalactiae [b-Hemolytic]
  • Virdians: S. Milleri, S. Mutans, S. Salivarius, S. Anginous, S. Sanguis [a-Hemolytic]
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5
Q

What is important to know about the Hemolysis Pattern within Antibiotics?

A
  • a = Partial Hemolysis
  • b = Complete Hemolysis
  • y = No Hemolysis
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6
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Pairs & Chains?

A
  • Enterococcus Faecalis [suseptalbe to Ampilcillijn]
  • Entercoccus Faecium [Vancomycin resistance]
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7
Q

What are the subclasses of Bacilli in Gram-Positive Bacteria?

A
  • Non Spore
  • Spore
  • Branching
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8
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Positive Non-Spore Bacilli?

A
  • Listeria Monocytogenes
  • Corynebacterium [Diphtheriae, Jeikium, Striatum]
  • Lactobacillus
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9
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Positive Spore Bacilli?

A
  • Bacillus [Cereus, Anthraics (basically Anthrax)]
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10
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Positive Branching Bacilli?

A
  • Nocardia [Asteroides, Brasiliensis]
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11
Q

What are some of the Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci?

A
  • Neisseria [Gonorrhoeae, Meningitidis]
  • Moraxella Catarrhalis
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12
Q

What are some of the Aerobic Gram-Negative Coccobacilli?

A
  • Haemophilus [Fluenzae, Parainfluenzae, Ducreyi]
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13
Q

What are the Entrobacterales [Enterobacteriaceae] in Bacteria?

A
  • Citrobacter [Freundii, Koseri]
  • Enterobacter [Cloacae]
  • E. Coli
  • Klebsiella [Pneumoniae, Oxytoca, Aerogenes]
  • Morganella Morganii
  • Proteus [Mirabilis, vulgaris]
  • Providencia [Rettgeri, Stuartii]
  • Salmonella [Enteritidis, Typhi]
  • Seratia Marcescens
    Shigella Dysenteriae
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14
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Negative Lactose forming Bacilli?

A
  • CEEK
  • Citrobacter [Freundi, Koseri], Enterobacter [Cloacae], E. Coli, Klebsellia [Pneumoniae, Oxytoca, Aerogenes]
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15
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Negative Non-Lactose forming Bacilli?

A
  • Pseudomonas Aerogenosa
  • Acinetobacter Baumannii
  • Burkholderia Cepacia
  • Strenotrophomoas Maltophilia
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16
Q

What is the bacteria is that assciated with straches or bites from a cat?

A
  • Pasteurella Multocida
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17
Q

What are Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Chains?

A
  • Peptostreptococcus [Anaerobius, Intermedius]
  • Finegoldia Magna
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18
Q

What is the subclasses for the Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli?

A
  • Same as Aerobic
  • Spore, Non-Spore, Branching
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19
Q

What are some Anaerobic Gram-Positive Non-Spore Bacilli>

A
  • Cutibacterium Ances
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20
Q

What are some Anaerobic Gram-Positive Spore Bacilli?

A
  • Clostirdium [Perfringes, Tetani, Botulinum]
  • Clotridioides Difficile
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21
Q

What are the Anaerobic Gram-Postive Branching Bacilli?

A
  • Actinomyces [Isrealii]
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22
Q

What are the Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci?

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A
  • Veillonella [Parvula]
23
Q

What are Anaerobic Gram-Negative Baciili/

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A
  • Bacteroides [Fragilis, Ovatus, Vulgatus, Distasonis, Thetaiotaomicron]
  • Prevotella [Melaninogenica, Denticola, Bccae, Oralis, Bivia]
24
Q

What are the organisms found on the Normal Flora of Skin?

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A
  • Diphteroids [Corynebacterium]
  • Staphylocci [epidermidis]
  • Streptococci
  • Cutibaterium
25
What are the organisms found on the Normal Flora of the GI Tract?
- Bacteroides - Enterobacterales - Enterococci - Fuseobacterium - Peptostreptococcous - Clostridium
26
What are the organisms found on the Normal Flora of the Oropharynx?
- Haemophilus - Streptococci [Viridans] - Diphteroids - Neisseria - Oral Anaerobes
27
What are the organisms found on the Normal Flora of the Genitals Tract?
- Corynebacterium - Enterobacterales - Lactobacillus - Myocoplasma - Staphylococci - Streplococci - Anerobes - Candida
28
When trying to comfirm an infection, what is the big thing that we are looking for?
- **FEVER**: >38 C or 100.4 F [Rectal = +1 degree & Armpit = -1 degree]
29
What are some of the Non-infectious causes of a fever [False Positives]?
- Autoimmue disorders - **DRUG FEVER**: basically giving a drug that causes a fever - Blood Transfusions
30
What are some fo the False Negatives that can happen with fevers?
- **Antipyretics**: masks fever - Cortiosteriods - Not finishing drug therapy - Super Infection
31
What are some of **Systemic** sign and symptoms of infections?
- **FEVER** * - Increased WBC Count - Chills - **Tachycardia** * - **Tachypnea** * - Hypotension - Malise - Mental Status
32
What is important to know about the WBC count within an infection?
- **Normal**: 4500-10000 - Mature Neutrophils = "Polys" & Immature Neutrophils = "Bands" - **BANDS**: increased bone marrow response
33
What is importance of **Leukocytosis** in the signs and symptoms of infection?
- **Bacterial** infections with increased Neutrophils +/- Bands [left shift] - Increased due too non-infectious causes or drugs
34
What is the importance of **Lymphocytosis**. in the signs and symptoms of infection?
- Associated with **Viral, TB, Fungal** - B-lymph: Humoral Immunity - T-lymph: Cell-Mediated [
35
What is the importance of **Monocytosis & Ensinophilia** in the signs and symptoms of infection?
- Monocytosis: Associated with TB or Lymphoma - Eosinophilia: Associated with allergies or Protozoal/Parasitic Infections
36
What are the **Localized** signs and symptoms of Infections?
- Pain and Inflammation [swelling, redness, tenderness, purulent drainage] - Deep-seated: needs imaging [Pneumonia, meningitis, UTI] - Specific Organs [Flank Pain = Pyelonephritis (**E. COLI**)]
37
What are the Additional Acute Phase Reactant Lab Tests?
- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate [ESR] & C-Reactive Protien [CRP]: increased with inflammation BUT doesnt equal infection - Procalcitonin [PCT]: specific toward bacterial infections
38
What are the Radiographic Test that are used in infections?
- X-Rays - Computed Tomography [CT or CAT scan] - Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI] - Nuclear Imaging - Echocardiography
39
When identifying a pathogen, what are some things that we need to do?
- Collect infected material **BEFORE** any therapy [drug might still be in it] - **MUST** avoid contamination - Direct Exams [Gram Stains, Ziehl-Nielsen, India Ink]
40
What is the main differences between Colonization and Infection?
- **Colonization**: A potentially pathogenic organism but is not invading host tissues or causing a response - **Infection**: A **Pathogenic** organism that is damaging the host
41
What is the main differences between Sensitivity and Specificity in Infections?
- **Sensitivity**: Positive in the presence of disease [EVERYONE has the disease] - **Specificity**: Negative in the absence of disease [NOBODY has the disease]
42
What are some of the host factors that relate toward infections?
- Allergies, Age, Sex, Weight, Pregnancy, Genetics, Renal/Hepatic [**FIND ClCr**], Interactions
43
What is the differences in Empiric and Directed Therapies in Infections?
- **Empiric**: Therapy **BEFORE** identification [multiple antibiotics] - **Directed**: **AFTER** identification [Narrow effective spectum drug]
44
What are some of the things that we should base our empiric therapy on?
- Knowledge [whats the pathogen, where...] - **Antibiograms**: shows a summary of what drugs are susceptibility
45
What is the difference between Bactericidal & Bacteriostatic Therapy?
- **Bactericidal**: KILLS the organism - **Bacterostatic**: stops replication WITHOUT KILLING the organism`\
46
What are the 3 primary reasons that someone may need to use combination therapy for an infection?
- Broaden Spectrum Coverage - Synergistric Bactericidal Activity [KILLING POWER] - Preventing Emergence of resistance
47
What are some of the disadvantages of Combination therapy?
- Increased Cost - Increased Toxicity - Superinfection - Antagonism
48
What is the criteria for selecting antimicrobial therapy?
- Efficacy - In Vitro Activity - Pharmacokinetics - Pharmacodynamics - Drug Interactions - Cost
49
What is important to know about Efficacy in selecting antimicrobial therapy?
- Basically looking at clinical trials to see how "effective" it is
50
What is important to know about In Vitro Microbiological Activity?
- Spectrum of activity = **MUST KNOW**
51
What is the important to know about Pharmacokinetics in selecting antimicrobial therpay?
- ADME - Tissue Distribution: Intra v Extracellular [mircodialysis - "typical" = Intra; "atypical" = Extra]
52
What is the important things to know about pharmacodynamics in selecting antimicrobial therapy?
- Understanding the effects of drugs & their mechanisms of action
53
Within monitoring clincial responses, what are some of the Oral Agents that have good bioavailavilty?
- Augmentin - Cephalexin - Fluoroquinolones - Linezoild - Bactrim - Metronidazole - Doxycycline - Clindamycin - Etc

PHRM 865: Theraputics V (7 decks)

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