Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

DRUGS > antibiotics > Flashcards

antibiotics Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

amoxicillin

A

penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mode of action of amoxicillin/penicillin?

A

inhibit enzymes repsonsible for cross linking peptidogylcans in cell wall

= weakens cell wall and causes cell swelling, lysis and death

amoxicillin increases activity against aerobic gram -ve bacteria = broad spectrum antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

indications of amoxicillin

A 
susceptible infections
community acquired pneumonia
exacerbation of COPD, bronchiectasis
otitis media
lyme disease
dental abscess
meningitis - listerial 
endocarditis
H.pylori eradication
acute diverticulitis
UTI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

contraindication for amoxicillin

A

penicillin allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

side effects of amoxicillin

A

allergy - rash 7-10 days after first exposure

CNS toxicity with high dose where severe renal imapirment delays excretio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

possible interactions of amoxicillin

A

reduces renal excretion of methotrexate so may precipitate overdose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cefalexin

A

cephalosporin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ceflexin/cephalosporin mode of action

A

weaken cell walls = bacterial cell lysis and death

more resistant to beta lactamase than penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

beta lactamase

A

enzymes produced by bacteria providing resistance against antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

indications of ceflaxin/cephalosporin

A

oral cephalosporin = second and third line treatment options for UTI and respiratory tract infections

IV cephalosporins and carbapenems for very severe or complicated infections or antibiotic reistant organisms

broad spec so used for most indications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

contrainidcations of cephalosporins

A

c.diff, those in hospital and elderly
history of penicillin, cephalosporin or carbapenem allergy espec. if anaphyactic repsonse

epilepsy = caution

dose reduction in renal impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

side effects of cephalosporins

A

GI upset - nausea and diarrhoea
antibiotic associated colitis = Cdiff
allergy - hypersensitivity
CNS toxicity - seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

interactions of cephalosporins

A

warfarin -can enhance anticoagulant effect by killing normal gut flora that synthesise vit K

increase nephrotoxicity of aminoglyosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

trimethoprim - how does it work

A

inhibits bacterial folate synthesis = slow bacterial growth

broad spectrum of action against gram +ve and -ve but activity reduced due to widespread resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

indications of trimethoprim

A

first choice for uncomplicated UTIs - alternatives = nitrofurantoin and amoxicillin

co-trimoxazole (+sulfamethoxazole) used to treat and prevent pneumocytis penumonia with immunosuppresion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

side effects of trimethoprim

A

GI upset and skin rash
hypersensitivity reactions
haematological disorders
hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

interactions of trimethoprim

A

use with potassium elevating drugs = hyperkalaemia

use with folate antagonists = adverse haematological effects

enhance anticoagulant effect of warfarin by killing gut flora that synthesise vit K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

nitrofurantoin mode of action

A

metabolised by bacterial cells and its metabolites damage bacterias DNA and cause cell death = bacterialcidal effect

effective against gram -ve e coli and gram +ve staphylococcus saprophyticus common in UTIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

indications of nitrofuratoin

A

uncomplicated lower UTI - first line antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why is nitrofurantoin so good for UTIs

A

effective against commmon causative organisms

reaches therapeutic concentrations in urine thorugh renal excretion

bactericidal in acid environments such as urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

contraindications of nitrofurantoin

A

pregnancy or babies i< 3 months

renal impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

side effects of nitrofurantoin

A

GI upset - nausea and diarrhoea
hypersensitivity reactions
chronic pulmonary reactions, hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy (prolonged administration)
haemolytic anaemia in neonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

doxycycline

A

tetracycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

doxycycline/tetracycline mode of action

Study These Flashcards
A

inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

devleoped a while ago so there is resistance

25
indications for doxycycline/tetracycline
acne vulgaris LRTI- exacerbations of COPD, pneumonia, atyical pneumonia chlamydial infection inc pelvic inflammatory disease other infections - typhoid, anthrax, malaria and lyme disease
26
contraindications of doxycycline/tetracycline
not prescribed during pregnancy, breastfeeding or children under 12 yo avoid in renal impairment
27
side effects of doxycycline/tetracyclines
nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea hypersensitivity reactions oesophageal irritation, ulceration and dysphagia photosensitivty and discolouration and or hypoplasia of tooth enamal in children intracranial hypertension is rare = headache and visual disturbance
28
interactions of doxyxyline/tetracycline
not in 2hrs of calcium, antacids or iron (prevent antibiotic absorption) enhance anticoagulant effect of warfarin
29
gentamicin
aminoglycosides
30
how do aminoglycosides/gentamicin work?
inhibit protein synthesis = bactericidal
31
indications of aminoglycosides/gentamicin
severe infections, particularly caused by gram -ve aerobes severe sepsis inc where source is unidentified pyelonephritis and complicated UTI biliary and other intra-abdo spesis endocarditis
32
contraindications of aminoglycosides/gentamicin
monitoring plasma drug concentrations to prevent renal, cochlear and vesitublar damage particularly in neonates and elderly
33
side effects of aminoglycosides/gentamicin
reversible nephrotoxicity and irrecersible toxicity = reduced urine output and raised creatinine and urea
34
interactions of aminoglycosides/gentamicin
ototoxicity more likely if aminoglycosides co prescribed with loop diuretics or vancomycin nephrotoxicity is more likely if aminoglycosides are co prescribed with ciclosporin, chemo, cephalosporins or vancomycin
35
erythromycin
macrolides
36
how does erythromycin/macrolides work?
macrolides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
37
indications of erythromycin/macrolides
treatment of respiratory and skin soft tissue infections when penicillin is contraindicated by allergy severe pneumonia added to penicillin to cover atypical organisms eradication of H.pylori in combo w PPI and amoxicillin or metronidazole
38
contraindications of erythromycin/macrolides
history of macrolide hypersensitivity
39
side effects of erythromycin/macrolides
irritant, causing nausea, vomiting and abdo pain and diarrhoea when taken orally thrombophlebitis when given IV allergy, antibiotic associated colitis, lvier abnormalities, arrhythmias and toxicity at higher doses
40
possible interactions of erythromycin/macrolides
inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes, so increases plasma conc and adverse effects with drugs metabolised by P450 enzymes - warfarin (increased bleeding risk) and statins (increased risk of myopathy)
41
ciprofloxacin
quinolones
42
how does ciprofloxacin/quinolones work?
inhibit DNA synthesis in bacteria and hence kill particularly against aerobic gram -ve
43
indications of ciprofloxacin
second or third line treatment due to potential for rapid emergence of resistance associated with cdiff infection UTI, severe GI infection, psudomonas aeruginosa
44
contraindications of ciprofloxacin
quinolones used with caution in ppl at particular risk of adverse effects - inc risk of seizures, growing and risk factors for QT prolongation (cardiac disease or electorlyte disturbance)
45
side effects of ciprofloxacin
GI upset hypersensitivity reactions class specific adverse reactions inc neurological effects , inflammation and rupture of muscle tendons prolong QT interval and increase risk of arrhythmias promote Cdiff colitits
46
interactions of ciprofloxacin
calcium and antacids reduce absipriton of quinolones inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes, so increase risk of toxicity in some drugs e.g. theophylline
47
metronidazole
anaerobic antimicrobial
48
how does metronidazole work?
reduces DNA synthesis, cuasing DNA degradation and cell death in anaerobic bacteria
49
indications of metronidazole
antibiotic associated colitis caused by Cdiff (gram +ve anaerobe) oral infections or aspiration pneumonia caused by gram +ve anaerobes surgical and gynaecological infections caused by gram -ve anaerobes from colon
50
contraindications of metronidazole
metaoblised by cytochrome P450 enzymes - dose reduced in those w severe liver disease alcohol - can cause disulfiram like reaction - flushing, headache, nausea and vomiting
51
side effects of metronidazole
GI upset - nausea and vomiting hypersensitivity reactions neurological adverse effects inc peripheral and optic neuropathy, seizures and encephalopathy in prolonged courses
52
interactions of metronidazole
inhibitory effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes - risk of bleeding with warfarin - risk of toxicity in phenytoin - increased risk fo toxicity with lithium - phenytoin and rifampicin cna causes decreases antimicrobial efficacy
53
vancomycin
glycopeptide
54
how does vancomyci/glycopeptides work?
inhibits cell wall synthesis in gram +ve bacteria resistance repeatedly reported
55
indications of vancomycin/glycopeptides
treatment of gram +ve infections e.g. endocarditis, where severe infection and penicillins cannot be used due to resistance treatment of antibiotic associated colitis by CDiff (second line to metronidazole) surgical prophylaxis when high chance of MRSA
56
contraindications of vancomycin/glycopeptides
careful monitoring of plasma drug conc and dose adjustment to avoid toxicity dose reduction when renal impairment and elderly
57
side effects of vancomycin/glycopeptides
thrombophlebitis at infusion site anaphylaxis - red man syndrome = generalised erythema and hypotension and bronchospasm IV can lead to nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and blood disorders
58
interactions of vancomycin/glycopeptides
increases risk of toxicity and or nephrotoxicity when prescribed with aminoglycosides, loop diuretics or ciclosporin (immunosuppresent)

DRUGS (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions