Antibiotics

Question 1

examples of penicillins

Answer 1

penicillin, amoxicillin, co-amoxiclav, flucloxacillin, temocillin, tazocin/piperacillin/tazobactam

Question 2

subtypes of penicillin

Answer 2

benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), phenoxymethyl penicillin, benzathine penicillin

Question 3

examples of cephalosporins

Answer 3

ceftriaxone

Question 4

examples of peptidoglycans

Answer 4

vancomycin, teicoplanin

Question 5

examples of aminoglycosides

Answer 5

gentamicin

Question 6

examples of tetracyclines

Answer 6

minocycline, doxycycline, tetracycline

Question 7

examples of macrolides

Answer 7

clarithromycin, azithromycin, erithromycin

Question 8

examples of antifolates

Answer 8

metronidazole

Question 9

examples of lincomycins

Answer 9

clindamycin

Question 10

examples of antimycobacterials

Answer 10

rifampin, rifampicin

Question 11

characteristics of penicillins

Answer 11

prevents cell wall formation by binding to β-lactam ring, safe, very few side effects, safe in pregnancy, excreted rapidly via kidneys, very flexible molecule with side groups, able to alter multiple features, range from narrow to broad spectrum, patients can be allergic, need for regular doses, high level of resistance

Question 12

characteristics of benzylpenicillin (penicillin G)

Answer 12

IV

Question 13

characteristics of phenoxymethyl penicillin

Answer 13

oral

Question 14

characteristics of benzathine penicillin

Answer 14

IM, long-acting

Question 15

characteristics of flucloxacillin

Answer 15

IV, oral, used for gram positive staph and strep infections only, useful for skin and soft tissue wounds

Question 16

characteristics of amoxicillin

Answer 16

IV, oral, gram positive, gram negative, safe, well-tolerated, well-absorbed orally, low binding to plasma proteins, challenged by β-lactamases

Question 17

characteristics of co-amoxiclav

Answer 17

IV, oral, gram positive, gram negative, amoxicillin combined with β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid, increased risk of C. diff infection

Question 18

characteristics of temocillin

Answer 18

IV, gram negative, β-lactamase resistant, including ESBL, used against coliforms

Question 19

characteristics of tazocin/piperacillin/tazobactam

Answer 19

IV, gram positive, gram negative

Question 20

characteristics of cephalosporins

Answer 20

prevent cell wall formation by binding to β-lactam ring, bactericidal, excreted via kidneys, few side effects, reduced allergy, more β-lactamase resistant, significantly disrupt bowel flora, increased risk of C. diff infection

Question 21

characteristics of glycopeptides

Answer 21

gram positive, prevents cell wall formation by binding to PBP, bactericidal, excreted via kidneys, toxic levels can build up in patients with kidney failure causing further damage

Question 22

characteristics of vancomycin

Answer 22

IV

Question 23

characteristics of teicoplanin

Answer 23

IV

Question 24

characteristics of aminoglycosides

Answer 24

gram negative, inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30s ribosomes, irreversible, bactericidal, excreted via kidneys, can cause damage to kidneys and VIIIth cranial nerve, causing deafness and dizziness

Question 25

characteristics of gentamicin

Answer 25

IV, occasionally IM, not absorbed from gut

Question 26

characteristics of tetracyclines

Answer 26

prevents chain elongation by binding to 30s ribosome, preventing tRNA attaching, actively transported into cell, broad spectrum, lower concentrations in gut, less disturbance, useful against intracellular and atypical bacteria

Question 27

characteristics of doxycycline

Answer 27

efficient absorption

Question 28

characteristics of minocycline

Answer 28

efficient absorption

Question 29

characteristics of macrolides

Answer 29

excreted via liver, gut and biliary tract, lipophilic so passes easily through cell membrane, binds to 50s ribosome and blocks translocation resulting in no release of peptide

Question 30

characteristics of erythromicin

Answer 30

safe in pregnancy

Question 31

characteristics of quinolones/fluoroquinolones

Answer 31

equally effective IV and orally, gram positive, gram negative, all fluoroquinolones and quinolones, but not all quinolones are fluoroquinolones, target nucleic acid, bind to A DNA subunit and prevent DNA from supercoiling, inhibiting DNA synthesis, bactericidal, excreted via kidneys, good intracellular action, restricted use due to increased risk of C. diff infection

Question 32

characteristics of naxilic acid

Answer 32

developed to make fluoroquinolones

Question 33

characteristics of ciprofloxacin

Answer 33

avoid feeding women, can result in tendonitis

Question 34

examples of quinolones/fluoroquinolones

Answer 34

naxilic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin

Question 35

characteristics of antifolate

Answer 35

inhibit folic acid synthesis, which is required for key cellular components

Question 36

examples of nitrofurans

Answer 36

nitrofurantoin

Question 37

characteristics of trimethoprim

Answer 37

oral, gram positive, gram negative, excreted via kidneys, given for UTIs except in pregnant women, combination with sulfamethoxazole (IV or oral)

Question 38

characteristics of nitroimidazoles

Answer 38

active against anaerobes and parasites/protozoa, resistance is extremely rare, interacts with alcohol, metallic taste/furred tongue

Question 39

characteristics of metronidazole

Answer 39

oral, IV, targets nucleic acids

Question 40

characteristics of clindamycin

Answer 40

protein synthesis inhibitor in bones, increased risk of C. diff infection

Question 41

characteristics of antimycobacterials

Answer 41

targets nucleic acids by targeting RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, prevents transcription, commonly used in combination therapy

Question 42

characteristics of nitrofurans

Answer 42

bacteriostatic, oral

Question 43

characteristics of nitrofurantoin

Answer 43

used for UTIs in pregnant women